Bouvier's Dictionary of Law

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A

LAW DICTIONARY

ADAPTED TO THE CONSTITUTION AND LAWS OF

THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

AND OF THE

SEVERAL STATES OF THE AMERICAN UNION

With References to the Civil and Other Systems of Foreign Law

by

John Bouvier

Ignoratis terminis ignoratur et ars. - Co. Litt. 2 a.

Je sais que chaque science et chaque art a ses termes

propres, inconnu au commun des hommes. - Fleury

SIXTH EDITION, REVISED, IMPROVED, AND GREATLY ENLARGED.

VOLUME I. and II

___________________________

PHILADELPHIA

CHILDS & PETERSON, 124 ARCH STREET

1856

Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year one thousand eight hundred and thirty-nine,

BY JOHN BOUVIER,

In the Clerk's Office of the District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania.

____________________________

Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year one thousand eight hundred and forty-three, BY JOHN BOUVIER,

In the Clerk's Office of the District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania.

____________________________

Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year one thousand eight hundred and forty-eight, BY JOHN BOUVIER,

In the Clerk's Office of the District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania.

_____________________________

Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year one thousand eight hundred and fifty-two,

BY ELIZA BOUVIER and ROBERT E. PETERSON, Trustees,

In the Clerk's Office of the District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania.

Deacon & Peterson, Printers

66 South Third Street.

TO THE HONORABLE

JOSEPH STORY, L L.D.,

One of the Judges of the Supreme Court of the United States

THIS WORK is WITH HIS PERMISSION MOST RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED

AS A TOKEN OF

GREAT REGARD ENTERTAINED FOR HIS TALENTS, LEARNING, AND CHARACTER,

BY

THE AUTHOR.

ADVERTISEMENT

TO THE THIRD EDITION

Encouraged by the success of this work, the author has endeavored to render this edition as perfect as it was possible for him to make it. He has remoulded very many of the articles contained in the former editions, and added upwards of twelve hundred new ones.

To render the work as useful as possible, he has added a very copius index to the whole, which, at the same time that it will assist the inquirer, will exhibit the great number of subjects treated in these volumes.

As Kelham's Law Dictionary has been published in this city, and can be had by those who desire to possess it, that work has not been added as an appendix to this edition.

Philadelphia, November, 1848.

ADVERTISEMENT

TO THE FOURTH EDITION

Since the publication of the last edition of this work, its author, sincerely devoted to the advancement of his profession, has given to the world his Institutes of American Law, in 4 vols. Svo. Always endeavoring to render his Dictionary as perfect as possible, he was constantly revising it; and whenever he met with an article which he had omitted, he immediately prepared it for a new edition. After the completion of his Institutes, in September last, laboring to severely, he fell a victim to his zeal, and died on the 18th of November, 1851, at the age of sixty-four.

In preparing this edition, not only has the matter left by its author been made use of, but additional matter has been added, so that the present will contain nearly one-third more than the last edition. Under one head, that of Maxims, nearly thirteen hundred new articles have been added. The book has been carefully examined, a great portion of it by two members of the bar, in order that it might be purged, as far as possible, from all errors of every description. The various changes in the constitutions of the states made since the last edition, have been noticed, so far as was compatible with this work; and every effort made to render it as perfect as a work of the kind would permit, in order that it might still sustain the reputation given to it by a Dublin barrister, "of being a work of a most elaborate character, as compared with English works of a similar nature, and one which should be in every library."

That it may still continue to receive the approbation of the Bench and Bar of the United States, is the sincere desire of the widow and daughter of its author.

PREFACE

To the difficulties which the author experienced on his admission to the bar, the present publication is to be attributed. His endeavours to get forward in his profession were constantly obstructed, and his efforts for a long time frustrated, for want of that knowledge which his elder brethren of the bar seemed to possess. To find among the reports and the various treatises on the law the object of his inquiry, was a difficult task; he was in a labyrinth without a guide: and much of the time which was spent in finding his way out, might, with the friendly assistance of one who was acquainted with the construction of the edifice, have been saved, and more profitably employed. He applied to law dictionaries and digests within his reach, in the hope of being directed to the source whence they derived their learning, but be was too often disappointed; they seldom pointed out the authorities where the object of his inquiry might be found. It is true such works contain a great mass of information, but from the manner in which they have been compiled, they sometimes embarrassed him more than if he had not consulted them. They were written for another country, possessing laws different from our own, and it became a question how far they were or were not applicable here. Besides, most of the matter in the English law dictionaries will be found to have been written while the feudal law was in its full vigor, and not fitted to the present times, nor calculated for present use, even in England. And there is a great portion which, though useful to an [vii] English lawyer, is almost useless to the American student. What, for example, have we to do with those laws of Great Britain which relate to the person of their king, their nobility, their clergy, their navy, their army; with their game laws; their local statutes, such as regulate their banks, their canals, their exchequer, their marriages, their births, their burials, their beer and ale houses, and a variety of similar subjects ?

The most modern law dictionaries are compilations from the more ancient, with some modifications and alterations and, in many instances, they are servile copies, without the slightest alteration. In the mean time the law has undergone a great change. Formerly the principal object of the law seemed to be to regulate real property, in all its various artificial modifications, while little or no attention was bestowed upon the rules which govern personal property and rights. The mercantile law has since arisen, like a bright pyramid, amid the gloom of the feudal law, and is now far more important in practice, than that which refers to real estate. The law of real property, too, has changed, particularly in this country.

The English law dictionaries would be very unsatisfactory guides, even in pointing out where the laws relating to the acquisition and transfer of real estate, or the laws of descent in the United States, are to be found. And the student who seeks to find in the Dictionaries of Cowel, Manly, Jacobs, Tomlins, Cunningham, Burn, Montefiore, Pott, Whishaw, Williams, the Termes de Ley, or any similar compilation, any satisfactory account in relation to international law, to trade and commerce, to maritime law, to medical jurisprudence, or to natural law, will probably not be fully gratified. He cannot, of course, expect to find in them anything in relation to our government, our constitutions, or our political or civil institutions.[viii]

It occurred to the author that a law dictionary, written entirely anew, and calculated to remedy those defects, would be useful to the profession. Probably overrating his strength, he resolved to undertake the task, and if he should not fully succeed, he will have the consolation to know, that his effort may induce some more gifted individual, and better qualified by his learning, to undertake such a task, and to render the American bar an important service. Upon an examination of the constitution and laws of the United States, and of the several states of the American Union, he perceived many technical expressions and much valuable information which he would be able to incorporate in his work. Many of these laws, although local in their nature, will be found useful to every lawyer, particularly those engaged in mercantile practice. As instances of such laws the reader is referred to the articles Acknowledgment, Descent, Divorce, Letters of Administration, and Limitation. It is within the plan of this work to explain such technical expressions as relate to the legislative, executive, or judicial departments of the government; the political and the civil rights and duties of the citizens; the rights and duties of persons, particularly such as are peculiar to our institutions, as, the rights of descent and administration; of the mode of acquiring and transferring property; to the criminal law, and its administration. It has also been an object with the author to embody in his work such decisions of the courts as appeared to him to be important, either because they differed from former judgments, or because they related to some point which was before either obscure or unsettled. He does not profess to have examined or even referred to all the American cases; it is a part of the plan, however, to refer to authorities, generally, which will lead the student to nearly all the cases.

The author was induced to believe, that an occasional comparison of the civil, canon, and other systems of foreign law, with our own,[ix] would be useful to the profession, and illustrate many articles which, without such aid, would not appear very clear; and also to introduce many terms from foreign laws, which may supply a deficiency in ours. The articles Condonation, Extradition, and Novation, are of this sort. He was induced to adopt this course because the civil law has been considered, perhaps not without justice, the best system of written reason, and as all laws are or ought to be founded in reason, it seemed peculiarly proper to have recourse to this fountain of wisdom: but another motive influenced this decision; one of the states of the Union derives most of its civil regulations from the civil law; and there seemed a peculiar propriety, therefore, in introducing it into an American law dictionary. He also had the example of a Story, a Kent, Mr. Angell, and others, who have ornamented their works from the same source. And he here takes the opportunity to acknowledge the benefits which he has derived from the learned labors of these gentlemen, and of those of Judge Sergeant, Judge Swift, Judge Gould, Mr. Rawle, and other writers on American law and jurisprudence.

In the execution of his plan, the author has, in the first place, defined and explained the various words and phrases, by giving their most enlarged meaning, and then all the shades of signification of which they are susceptible; secondly, he has divided the subject in the manner which to him appeared the most natural, and laid down such principles and rules as belong to it; in these cases he has generally been careful to give an illustration, by citing a case whenever the subject seemed to require it, and referring to others supporting the same point; thirdly, whenever the article admitted of it, he has compared it with the laws of other countries within his reach, and pointed out their concord or disagreement; and, fourthly, he has referred to the authorities, the abridgments, digests, and the [x] ancient and modem treatises, where the subject is to be found, in order to facilitate the researches of the student. He desires not to be understood as professing to cite cases always exactly in point; on the contrary, in many instances the authorities will probably be found to be but distantly connected with the subject under examination, but still connected with it, and they have been added in order to lead the student to matter of which he may possibly be in pursuit.

To those who are aware of the difficulties of the task, the author deems it unnecessary to make any apology for the imperfections which may be found in the work. His object has been to be useful; if that has been accomplished in any degree, he will be amply rewarded for his labor; and he relies upon the generous liberality of the members of the profession to overlook the errors which may have been committed in his endeavors to serve them.

PHILADELPHIA, September, 1839.

A

A, the first letter of the English and most other alphabets, is frequently used as an abbreviation, (q. v.) and also in the marks of schedules or papers, as schedule A, B, C, &c. Among the Romans this letter was used in criminal trials. The judges were furnished with small tables covered with wax, and each one inscribed on it the initial letter of his vote; A, when he voted to absolve the party on trial; C, when he was for condemnation; and N L, (non liquet) when the matter did not appear clearly, and be desired a new argument.

A MENSA ET THORO, from bed and board. A divorce a mensa et thoro, is rather a separation of the parties by act of law, than a dissolution of the marriage. It may be granted for the causes of extreme cruelty or desertion of the wife by the husband. 2 Eccl. Rep. 208. This kind of divorce does not affect the legitimacy of children, nor authorize a second marriage. V. A vinculo matrimonii; Cruelty Divorce.

A PRENDRE, French, to take, to seize, in contracts, as profits a prendre. Ham. N. P. 184; or a right to take something out of the soil. 5 Ad. & Ell. 764; 1 N. & P. 172 it differs from a right of way, which is simply an easement or interest which confers no interest in the land. 5 B. & C. 221.

A QUO, A Latin phrases which signifies from which; example, in the computation of time, the day a quo is not to be counted, but the day ad quem is always included. 13 Toull. n. 52 ; 2 Duv. n. 22. A court a quo, the court from which an appeal has been taken; a judge a quo is a judge of a court below. 6 Mart. Lo. R. 520; 1 Har. Cond. L. R. 501. See Ad quem.

A RENDRE, French, to render, to yield, contracts. Profits a rendre; under this term are comprehended rents and services. Ham N. P. 192.

A VINCULO MATRIMONII, from the bond of marriage. A marriage may be dissolved a vinculo, in many states, as in Pennsylvania, on the ground of canonical disabilities before marriage, as that one of the parties was legally married to a person who was then living; impotence, (q. v.,) and the like adultery cruelty and malicious desertion for two years or more. In New York a sentence of imprisonment for life is also a ground for a divorce a vinculo. When the marriage is dissolved a vinculo, the parties may marry again but when the cause is adultery, the guilty party cannot marry his or her paramour.

AB INITIO, from the beginning.

2. When a man enters upon lands or into the house of another by authority of law, and afterwards abuses that authority, he becomes a trespasser ab initio. Bac. Ab. Trespass, B.; 8 Coke, 146 2 Bl. Rep. 1218 Clayt. 44. And if an officer neglect to remove goods attached within a reasonable time and continue in possession, his entry becomes a trespass ab initio. 2 Bl. Rep. 1218. See also as to other cases, 2 Stra. 717 1 H. Bl. 13 11 East, 395 2 Camp. 115 2 Johns. 191; 10 Johns. 253; ibid. 369.

3. But in case of an authority in fact, to enter, an abuse of such authority will not, in general, subject the party to an action of trespass, Lane, 90 ; Bae. Ab. Trespass, B ; 2 T. It. 166. See generally 1 Chit. PI. 146. 169. 180.

AB INTESTAT. An heir, ab intestat, is one on whom the law casts the inheritance or estate of a person who dies intestate.

AB IRATO, civil law. A Latin phrase, which signifies by a man in anger. It is applied to bequests or gifts, which a man makes adverse to the interest of his heir, in consequence of anger or hatred against him. Thus a devise made under these circumstances is called a testament ab irato. And the suit which the heirs institute to annul this will is called an action ab irato. Merlin, Repert. mots Ab irato.

ABANDONMENT, contracts. In the French law, the act by which a debtor surrenders his property for the benefit of his creditors. Merl. Rep. mot Abandonment.

ABANDONMENT, contracts. In insurances the act by which the insured relinquishes to the assurer all the property to the thing insured.

2.- No particular form is required for an abandonment, nor need it be in writing; but it must be explicit and absolute, and must set forth the reasons upon which it is founded.

3.-It must also be made in reasonable time after the loss.

4.-It is not in every case of loss that the insured can abandon. In the following cases an abandonment may be made: when there is a total loss; when the voyage is lost or not worth pursuing, by reason of a peril insured against or if the cargo be so damaged as to be of little or no value; or where the salvage is very high, and further expense be necessary, and the insurer will not engage to bear it or if what is saved is of less value than the freight; or where the damage exceeds one half of the value of the goods insured or where the property is captured, or even detained by an indefinite embargo ; and in cases of a like nature.

5.-The abandonment, when legally made transfers from the insured to the insurer the property in the thing insured, and obliges him to pay to the insured what he promised him by the contract of insurance. 3 Kent, Com. 265; 2 Marsh. Ins. 559 Pard. Dr. Coin. n. 836 et seq. Boulay Paty, Dr. Com. Maritime, tit. 11, tom. 4, p. 215.

ABANDONMENT. In maritime contracts in the civil law, principals are generally held indefinitely responsible for the obligations which their agents have contracted relative to the concern of their commission but with regard to ship owners there is remarkable peculiarity; they are bound by the contract of the master only to the amount of their interest in the ship, and can be discharged from their responsibility by abandoning the ship and freight. Poth. Chartes part. s. 2, art. 3, 51; Ord. de la Mar. des proprietaires, art. 2; Code de Com. 1. 2, t. 2, art. 216.

ABANDONMENT, lights. The relinquishment of a right; the giving up of something to which we are entitled.

2. - Legal rights, when once vested, must be divested according to law, but equitable rights may be abandoned. 2 Wash. R. 106. See 1 H. & M. 429; a mill site, once occupied, may be abandoned. 17 Mass. 297; an application for land, which is an inception of title, 5 S. & R. 215; 2 S. & R. 378; 1 Yeates, 193, 289; 2 Yeates, 81, 88, 318; an improvement, 1 Yeates, 515 ; 2 Yeates, 476; 5 Binn. 73; 3 S. & R. 319; Jones' Syllabus of Land Office Titles in Pennsylvania, chap. xx; and a trust fund, 3 Yerg. 258 may be abandoned.

3. - The abandonment must be made by the owner without being pressed by any duty, necessity or utility to himself, but simply because he wishes no longer to possess the thing; and further it must be made without any desire that any other person shall acquire the same; for if it were made for a consideration, it would be a sale or barter, and if without consideration, but with an intention that some other person should become the possessor, it would be a gift: and it would still be a gift though the owner might be indifferent as to whom the right should be transferred; for example, he threw money among a crowd with intent that some one should acquire the title to it.

ABANDONMENT for torts, a term used in the civil law. By the Roman law, when the master was sued for the tort of his slave, or the owner for a trespass committed by his animal, he might abandon them to the person injured, and thereby save himself from further responsibility.

2. - Similar provisions have been adopted in Louisiana. It is enacted by the civil code that the master shall be answerable for all the damages occasioned by an offence or quasi offence committed by his slave. He may, however, discharge himself from such responsibility by abandoning the slave to the person injured; in which case such person shall sell such slave at public auction in the usual form; to obtain payment of the damages and costs; and the balance, if any, shall be returned to the master of the slave, who shall be completely discharged, although the price of the slave should not be sufficient to pay the whole amount of the damages and costs; provided that the master shall make abandonment within three days after the judgment awarding such damages, shall have been rendered; provided also that it shall not be proved that the crime or offence was committed by his order, for in such cases the master shall be answerable for all damages resulting therefrom, whatever be the amount, without being admitted to the benefit of abandonment. Art. 180, 181.

3. - The owner of an animal is answerable for the damages he has caused; but if the animal had been lost, or had strayed more than a day, he may discharge himself from this responsibility, by abandoning him to the person who has sustained the injury, except where the master has turned loose a dangerous or noxious animal, for then he must pay for all the harm he has done, without being allowed, to make the abandonment. Ib. art. 2301.

ABANDONMENT, malicious. The act of a husband or wife, who leaves his or her consort wilfully, and with an intention of causing perpetual separation.

2. - Such abandonment, when it has continued the length of time required by the local statutes, is sufficient cause for a divorce. Vide 1 Hoff. R. 47; Divorce.

ABATEMENT, chancery practice, is a suspension of all proceedings in a suit, from the want of proper parties capable of proceeding therein. It differs from an abatement at law in this, that in the latter the action is in general entirely dead, and cannot be revived, 3 Bl. Com. 168 but in the former, the right to proceed is merely suspended, and may be revived by a bill of revivor. Mitf. Eq. Pl. by Jeremy, 57; Story, Eq. PI. 354.

ABATEMENT, contracts, is a reduction made by the creditor, for the prompt payment of a debt due by the payor or debtor. Wesk. on Ins. 7.

ABATEMENT, merc. law. By this term is understood the deduction sometimes made at the custom-house from the duties chargeable upon goods when they are damaged See Act of Congress, March 2, 1799, s. 52, 1 Story L. U. S. 617.

ABATEMENT, pleading, is the overthrow of an action in consequence of some error committed in bringing or conducting it when the plaintiff is not forever barred from bringing another action. 1 Chit. Pl. 434. Abatement is by plea. There can be no demurrer in abatement. Willes' Rep. 479; Salk. 220.

2. Pleas in abatement will be considered as relating, 1, to the jurisdiction of the court; 2, to the person of the plaintiff; 3, to that of the defendant; 4, to the writ; 5, to the qualities. of such pleas ; 6, to the form of such pleas; 7, to the affidavit of the truth of pleas in abatement.

3. - 1. As to pleas relating to the jurisdiction of the court, see article Jurisdiction, and Arch. Civ. Pl. 290; 1 Chit. PI. Index. tit, Jurisdiction. There is only one case in which the jurisdiction of the court may be inquired of under the general issue, and that is where no court of the country has jurisdiction of the cause, for in that case no action can be maintained by the law of the land. 3 Mass. Rep. Rea v. Hayden, 1 Dougl. 450; 3 Johns. Rep. 113; 2 Penn. Law Journal 64, Meredith v. Pierie.

4. - 2. Relating to the person of the plaintiff. 1. The defendant may plead to the person of the plaintiff that there never was any such person in rerum natura. Bro. Brief, 25 ; 19 Johns. 308 Com. Dig. Abatement, E 16. And if one of several plaintiffs be a fictitious person, it abates the writ. Com. Dig. Abatement, E 16; 1 Chit. Pl. 435; Arch. Civ. Pl. 304. But a nominal plaintiff in ejectment may sustain an action. 5 Verm. 93; 19 John. 308. As to the rule in Pennsylvania, see 5 Watts, 423.

5. - 2. The defendant. may plead that the plaintiff is a feme covert. Co. Lit. 132, b.; or that she is his own wife. 1 Brown. Ent. 63; and see 3 T. R. 631; 6 T. R. 265; Com. Dig. Abatement, E 6; 1 Chit. Pl. 437; Arch. Civ. Pl. 302. Coverture occurring after suit brought is a plea in abatement which cannot be pleaded after a plea in bar, unless the matter arose after the plea in bar; but in that case the defendant must not suffer a continuance to intervene between the happening of this new matter, or its coming to his knowledge, and pleading it. 4 S & R. 238; Bac. Abr. Abatement, G; 4 Mass. 659; 4 S. & R.

238; 1 Bailey, 369; 4 Vern. 545; 2 Wheat. 111; 14 Mass. 295 ; 1 Blackf. 288 ; 2 Bailey, 349. See 10 S. & R. 208; 7 Verm. 508; 1 Yeates, 185; 2 Dall. 184; 3 Bibb, 246.

6. - 3. That the plaintiff (unless he sue with others as executor) is an infant and has declared by attorney. 1 Chit. Pl. 436; Arch. Civ. Pi. 301; Arch. Pr. B. R. 142 ; 2 Saund. 212, a, n. 5; 1 Went. 58, 62; 7 John. R. 373; 3 N. H. Rep. 345; 8 Pick. 552; and see 7 Mass. 241; 4 Halst. 381 2 N. H. Rep. 487.

7. - 4. A suit brought by a lunatic under guardianship, shall abate. Brayt. 18.

8. - 5. Death of plaintiff before the purchase of the original writ, may be pleaded in abatement. 1 Arch. Civ. PI. 304, 5; Com. Dig. Abatement, E 17. Death of plaintiff pending the writ might have been pleaded since the last continuance, Com. Dig. Abatement, H 32; 4 Hen. & Munf. 410; 3 Mass. 296 ; Cam. & Nor. 72; 4 Hawks, 433; 2 Root, 57; 9 Mass. 422; 4 H. & M. 410; Gilmer, 145; 2 Rand. 454; 2 Greenl. 127. But in some states, as in Pennsylvania, the, death of the plaintiff does not abate the writ; in such case the executor or administrator is substituted. The rule of the common law is, that whenever the death of any party happens, pending the writ, and yet the plea is in the same condition, as if such party were living, then such death makes no alteration; and on this rule all the diversities turn. Gilb. Com. Pleas 242.

9. - 6. Alienage, or that the plaintiff is an alien enemy. Bac. Abr. h.t.; 6 Binn. 241 ; 10 Johns. 183; 9 Mass. 363 ; Id. 377 ; 11 Mass. 119 ; 12 Mass. 8 ; 3 31. & S. 533; 2 John. Ch. R. 508; 15 East, 260; Com. Dig. Abatement, E 4; Id. Alien, C 5; 1 S. & R. 310; 1 Ch. PI. 435; Arch. Civ. PI. 3, 301.

10. - 7. Misnomer of plaintiff may also be pleaded in abatement. Arch. Civ. Pi. 305; 1 Chitty's Pleading, Index, tit. Misnomer. Com. Dig. Abatement, E 19, E 20, E 21, E 22; l Mass. 75; Bac. Abr. h. t.

11. - 8. If one of several joint tenants, sue in action ex contractu, Co. Lit. 180, b; Bac. Abr. Joint-tenants, K; 1 B. & P. 73; one of several joint contractors, Arch. Civ. PI. 48-51, 53 ; one of several partners, Gow on Part. 150; one of. several joint executors who have proved the will, or even if they have not proved the will, 1 Chit. PI. 12, 13; one of several joint administrators, Ibid. 13; the defendant may plead the non-joinder in abatement. Arch. Civ. Pl. 304; see Com. Dig. Abatement, E 9, E 12, E 13, E 14.

12.-9. If persons join as plaintiffs in an action who should not, the defendant may plead the misjoinder in abatement. Arch. Civ. PI. 304; Com. Dig. Abatement, E 15.

13. - 10. When the plaintiff is an alleged corporation, and it is intended to contest its existence, the defendant must plead in abatement. Wright, 12; 3 Pick. 236; 1 Mass 485; 1 Pet. 450; 4 Pet. 501; 5 Pet. 231. To a suit brought in the name of the "judges of the county court," after such court has been abolished, the defendant may plead in abatement that there are no such judges. Judges, &c. v. Phillips; 2 Bay, 519.

14. - 3. Relating to the person of the defendant. 1. In an action against two or more, one may plead in abatement that there never was such a person in rerum natura as A, who is named as defendant with him. Arch. Civ. PI. 312.

15. - 2. If the defendant be a married woman, she may in general plead her coverture in abatement, 8 T. R. 545 ; Com. Dig. Abatement, F 2. The exceptions to this rule arise when the coverture is suspended. Com. Dig. Abatement, F 2, 3; Co. Lit. 132, b; 2 Bl. R. 1197; Co. B. L. 43.

16. - 3. The death of the defendant abates the writ at common law, and in some cases it does still abate the action, see Com. Dig. Abatement, H 34; 1 Hayw. 500; 2 Binn. l.; 1 Gilm. 145; 1 Const. Rep. 83; 4 McCord, 160; 7 Wheat. 530; 1 Watts, 229; 4 Mass. 480; 8 Greenl. 128; In general where the cause of action dies with the person, the suit abates by the death of the defendant before judgment. Vide Actio Personalis moritur cum persona.

17. - 4. The misnomer of the defendant may be pleaded in abatement, but one

defendant cannot plead the misnomer of another. Com. Dig. Abatement, F 18 ; Lutw. 36; 1 Chit. PI. 440; Arch. Civ. PI. 312. See form of a plea in abatement for a misnomer of the defendant in 3 Saund. 209, b., and see further, 1 Show. 394; Carth. 307 ; Comb. 188 ; 1 Lutw. 10 ; 5 T. R. 487 .

18. - 5. When one joint tenant, Com. Dig. Abatement, F 5, or one tenant in common, in cases, where they ought to be joined, Ibid. F 6, is sued alone-he may plead in abatement. And in actions upon contracts if the plaintiff do not sue all the contractors, the defendant may plead the non-joinder in abatement. Ibid. F 8, a; 1 Wash. 9; 18 Johns. 459; 2 Johns. Cas. 382 ; 3 Caines's Rep. 99 ; Arch.. Civ. PI. 309; 1 Chit. PI. 441. When husband and wife should be sued jointly, and one is sued alone, the non-joinder may be pleaded in abatement. Arch. Civ. PI. 309. The non-joinder of all the executors, who have proved the will; and the non-joinder of all the administrators of the deceased, may be pleaded in abatement. Com. Dig. Abatement, F 10.

19. - 6. In a real action if brought against several persons, they may plead several tenancy, that is, that they hold in severalty and not jointly, Com. Dig. Abatement, F 12; or one of them may take the entire tenancy on himself, and pray judgment of the writ. Id. F 13. But mis-joinder of defendant in a personal action is not the subject of a plea in abatement. Arch. Civ. PI. 68, 310.

20. - 7. In cases where the defendant may plead non-tenure, see Arch. Civ. PI. 310; Cro. El. 559.

21. - 8. Where he may plead a disclaimer, see Arch. Civ. PI. 311; Com.

Dig. Abatement, F 15.

22. - 9. A defendant may plead his privilege of not being sued, in abatement. Bac. Ab. Abridgment C ; see this Dict. tit. Privilege.

23. - 4. Plea in, abatement of the writ. 1. Pleas in abatement of the writ or a bill are so termed rather from their effect, than from their being strictly such pleas, for as oyer of the writ can no longer be craved, no objection can be taken to matter which is merely contained in the writ, 3 B. & P. 399; 1 B. & P. 645-648; but if a mistake in the writ be carried into the declaration, or rather if the declaration, which is resumed to correspond with the writ or till, be incorrect in respect of some extrinsic matter, it is then open to the defendant to plead in abatement to the writ or bill, 1 B. & P. 648; 10 Mod. 210; and there is no plea to the declaration alone but in bar; 10 Mod. 210 ; 2 Saund. 209, d. 24.-2. Pleas in abatement. of the writ or bill and to the form or to the action. Com. Dig. Abatement, H. 1, 17.

25. - 3. Those of the first description were formerly either matter apparent on the face of the ;Writ, Com. Dig. Abatement, H l, or matters dehors. Id. H 17.

26. - 4. Formerly very trifling errors were pleadable in abatement, 1 Lutw. 25; Lilly's Ent. 6 ; 2 Rich. C. P. 5, 8 ; 1 Stra. 556; Ld. Raym. 1541 ; 2 Inst. 668; 2 B. & P. 395.. But as oyer of the writ can no longer be had, an omission in the defendant's declaration of the defendant's addition, which is not necessary to be stated in a declaration, can in no case be pleaded in abatement. 1 Saund. 318, n. 3; 3 B. & B. 395; 7 East, 882.

27. - 5. Pleas in abatement to the form of the writ, are therefore now principally for matters dehors, Com. Dig. Abatement, H 17; Glib. C. P., 51 , existing at the time of suing out the writ, or arising afterwards, such as misnomer of the plaintiff or defendant in Christian or surname.

28. - 6. Pleas in abatement to the action of the writ, and that the action is misconceived, as that it is in case where it ought to have, been in trespass, Com. Dig. Abatement, G 5 ; or that it was prematurely brought, Ibid. Abatement, G 6, and tit. Action E ; but as these matters are grounds of demurrer or nonsuit, it is now very unusual to plead them in abatement. It may also

be pleaded that there ii another action pending. See tit. Autre action pendant. Com. Dig. Abatement, H. 24; Bac. Ab. Abatement, M; 1 Chitty's Pi. 443.

29. - 6. Qualities of pleas in abatement. 1. A writ is divisible, and may be abated in part, and remain good for the residue; and the defendant may plead in abatement to part, and demur or plead in bar to the residue of the declaration. 1 Chit. PI. 444; 2 Saund. 210, n. The general rule is, that whatever proves the writ false at the time of suing it out, shall abate the writ entirely Gilb. C. P. 247 1 Saund. Rep. 286, (n) 7; 2 do. 72, (i)

sub fin.

30. - 2. As these pleas delay the trial of the merits of the action, the greatest accuracy and precision are required in framing them; they should be certain to every intent, and be pleaded without any repugnancy. 3 T. R. 186; Willes, 42 ; 2 Bl. R. 1096 2 Saund. 298, b, n. 1 ; Com. Dig. 1, 11 Co. Lit. 392; Cro. Jac. 82; and must in general give the plaintiff a better writ. This is the true criterion to distinguish a plea in abatement from a plea in bar. 8 T. IR. 615; Bromal. 139; 1 Saund. 274, n. 4 ; 284 n. 4; 2 B. & P. 125 ; 4 T. R. 227 ; 6 East) 600 ; Com. Dig. Abatement, J 1, 2; 1 Day, 28; 3 Mass. 24; 2 Mass. 362; 1 Hayw. 501; 2 Ld. Raym. 1178; 1 East, 634. Great accuracy is also necessary in the form of the plea as to the commencement and conclusion, which is said to make the plea. Latch. 178 ; 2 Saund. 209, c. d; 3 T. R. 186.

31. - 6. Form of pleas in abatement .1 As to the form of pleas in abatement, see 1 Chit. PI. 447; Com. Dig. Abatement, 1 19; 2 Saund. 1, n. 2.

32. - 7. Of the affidavit of truth. 1. All pleas in abatement must be sworn to be true, 4 Ann. c. 16, s. 11. The affidavit may be made by the defendant or a third person, Barnes, 344, and must be positive as to the truth of every fact contained in the plea, and should leave nothing to be collected by inference; Sayer's Rep. 293; it should be stated that the plea is true in substance and fact, and not merely that the plea is a true plea. 3 Str. 705, Litt. Ent. 1; 2 Chitt. Pl. 412, 417; 1 Browne's Rep. 77 ; see. 2 Dall. 184; 1 Yeates, 185.

See further on the subject of abatement of actions, Vin. Ab. tit. Abatement; Bac. Abr. tit. Abatement; Nelson's Abr. tit. Abatement; American Dig. tit. Abatement; Story's Pl. 1 to 70; 1 Chit. Pl. 425 to 458; Whart. Dig. tit. Pleading, F. (b.) Penna. Pract. Index, h. t.; Tidd's Pr. Index, h. t.; Arch. Civ. Pl. Index, h. t.; Arch. Pract. Index, h. t. Death; Parties to actions; Plaintiff; Puis darrein continuance.

ABATEMENT OF A FREEHOLD. The entry of a stranger after the death of the ancestor, and before the heir or devisee takes possession, by which the rightful possession of the heir or devisee is defeated. 3 Bl. 1 Com. 167; Co. Lit. 277, a; Finch's Law, 1 195; Arch. Civ. Pl. 11.

2. By the ancient laws of Normandy, this term was used to signify the act of one who, having an apparent right of possession to an estate, took possession of it immediately after the death of the actual possessor, before the heir entered. Howard, Anciennes Lois des Frangais, tome 1, p. 539.

ABATEMENT OF LEGACIES, is the reduction of legacies for the purpose of paying the testator's debts.

2. When the estate is short of paying the debts and legacies, and there are general legacies and specific legacies, the rule is that the general legatees must abate proportionably in order to pay the debts; a specific legacy is not abated unless the general legacies cannot pay all the debts; in that case what remains to be paid must be paid by the specific legatees, who must, where there are several, abate their legacies, proportionably. 2 Bl. Com. 513; 2 Vessen. 561 to 564; 1 P. Wms. 680; 2 P. Wms. 283. See 2 Bro. C. C. 19; Bac.

Abr. Legacies, H; Rop. on Leg. 253, 284.

ABATEMENT OF NUISANCES is the prostration or removal of a nuisance. 3 Bl.

2. - 1. Who may abate a nuisance; 2, the manner of abating it. 1. Who may abate a nuisance. 1. Any person may abate a public nuisance. 2 Salk. 458; 9 Co. 454.

3. - 2. The injured party may abate a private nuisance, which is created by an act of commission, without notice to the person who has committed it; but there is no case which sanctions the abatement by an individual of nuisances from omission, except that of cutting branches of trees which overhang a public road, or the private property of the person who cuts them.

4. - 2. The manner of abating it. 1. A public nuisance may be abated without notice, 2 Salk. 458; and so may a private nuisance which arises by an act of commission. And, when the security of lives or property may require so speedy a remedy as not to allow time to call on the person on whose property the mischief has arisen to remedy it, an individual would be justified in abating a nuisance from omission without notice. 2 Barn. & Cres. 311; 3

Dowl. & R. 556.

5. - 2. In the abatement of a public nuisance, the abator need not observe particular care in abating it, so as to prevent injury to the materials. And though a gate illegally fastened, might have been opened without cutting it down, yet the cutting would be lawful. However, it is a general rule that the abatement must be limited by its necessity, and no wanton or unnecessary injury must be committed. 2 Salk. 458.

6. - 3. As to private nuisances, it has been held, that if a man in his own soil erect a thing which is a nuisance to another, as by stopping a rivulet, and so diminishing the water used by the latter for his cattle, the party injured may enter on the soil of the other, and abate the nuisance and justify the trespass; and this right of abatement is not confined merely to a house, mill, or land. 2 Smith's Rep. 9; 2 Roll. Abr. 565; 2 Leon. 202; Com. Dig. Pleader, 3 M. 42; 3 Lev. 92; 1 Brownl. 212; Vin. Ab. Nuisance; 12 Mass. 420; 9 Mass. 316; 4 Conn. 418; 5 Conn. 210; 1 Esp. 679; 3 Taunt. 99; 6 Bing. 379.

7. - 4. The abator of a private nuisance cannot remove the materials further than is necessary, nor convert them to his own use. Dalt. o. 50. And so much only of the thing as causes the nuisance should be removed; as if a house be built too high, so much. only as is too high should be pulled down. 9 Co. 53; God. 221; Str. 686.

8. - 5. If the nuisance can be removed without destruction and delivered to a magistrate, it is advisable to do so; as in the case of a libelous print or paper affecting an individual, but still it may be destroyed 5 Co. 125, b.; 2 Campb. 511. See as to cutting down trees, Roll. Rep. 394; 3 Buls 198; Vin. Ab. tit. Trees, E, and Nuisance W.

ABATOR is, 1st, he who abates or prostrates a nuisance; 2, he who having no right of entry, gets possession of the freehold to the prejudice of an heir or devisee, after the time when the ancestor died, and before the heir or devisee enters. See article Abatement. Litt. 897; Perk. 383; 1 Inst. 271; 2 Prest. Abst. 296. 300. As to the consequences of an abator dying in possession, See Adams' Eject. 43.

ABATUDA, obsolete. Any thing diminished; as, moneta abatuda, which is money clipped or diminished in value. Cowell, h. t.

ABAVUS, civil law, is the great grandfather, or fourth male ascendant. Abavia, is the great grandmother, or fourth female ascendant.

ABBEY, abbatia, is a society of religious persons, having an abbot or abbess to preside over them. Formerly some of the most considerable abbots and priors in England had seats and votes in the house of lords. The prior of St. John's of Jerusalem, was styled the first baron of England, in respect to the lay barons, but he was the last of the spiritual barons.

ABBREVIATION, practice. - The omission of some words or letters in writing; as when fieri facias is written fi. fa.

2. In writing contracts it is the better practice to make no abbreviations; but in recognizances, and many other contracts, they are used; as John Doe tent to prosecute, &c. Richard Roe tent to appear, &c. when the recognizances are used, they are drawn out in extenso. See 4 Ca. & P. 61; S.C.19E.C.L.R.268; 9 Co.48.

ABBREVIATIONS and abbreviated references. The following list, though necessarily incomplete, may be useful to some readers.

A, a, the first letter of the alphabet, is sometimes used in the ancient law books to denote that the paging is the first of that number in the book. As an abbreviation, A is used for anonymous.

A. & A. on Corp. Angell & Ames on Corporations. Sometimes cited Ang. on Corp.

A. B. Anonymous Reports, printed at the end of Bendloe's Reports.

A. D. Anno Domini, in the year of our Lord

A. & E. Adolphus and Ellis' Reports.

A. & E. N. S. Adolphus & Ellis' Queen's Bench Reports, New Series, commonly

cited Q. B.

A. & F. on Fixt. Amos & Ferard on Fixtures.

A. K. Marsh. A. K. Marshall's (Kty.) Reports.

Ab. or Abr. Abridgement.

Abr. Ca. Eq. Abridgement of cases in Equity.

Abs. Absolute.

Ab. Sh. Abbott on Shipping.

Acc. Accord or Agrees.

Act. Acton's Reports.

Act. Reg. Acta Regia.

Ad. Eject. Adams on Ejectment.

Ad. & Ell. Adolphus & Ellis' Reports.

Ad. finn. Ad finem. At or near the end.

Ads. Ad sectum, vide Ats.

Addam's R. Addam's Ecclesiastical Reports. In E. Eccl. Rep.

Addis on Contr. Addison on the Law of Contracts and on Parties to actions ex

contractu.

Addis. R. Addison's Reports.

Admr. Administrator.

Ady. C. M. Adye on Courts Martial.

Aik. R. Aiken's Reports.

Al. Aleyn's Cases.

Al. Alinea. Al et. Et alii, and others.

Al.& N.~~ Alcock & Napier's Reports.

Ala. R. Alabama Repors~.

Alc. Reg. Cs. Alcock's Registration Cases

Ald. Van Hoes. Dig. A Digest of the Laws of Mississippi, by T. J. ~Fox Alden

and J. A. Yan Hoesen.

Aldr. Hilt. Aldridge's History of the Court~ of Law.

Alis. Prin. Alison's Principles of the Criminal Law of Scotland.

All. ~ Mor. Tr. Allen and Morris' Trial.

Alley. L. D. of ~Mar. Alleyne'~s Legal Degrees of Marriage considered.

Alln. Part. Allnat on Partition.

Am. America, American, or Americana.

Amb. Ambler's Reports.

Am. ~ Fer. on. F~ixt. Amo~s & Ferard on Fi~xture~s.

Amer. ~America, American, or Americana.

Amer. Dig. American Dige~t.

~Amer. Jur. American Jurist.

A~n. Anonymous.

And . Anderson's Reports.

Ander. Ch. War. Anderdon on Church Warden~.

Andr. Andrew'~ Report~.

Ang. on Adv. Enj. Angell'~s Inquiry into the rule of law which creates a right

to an incorporeal hereditament, by an adverse enjoyment of twenty years.

Ang. on Ass. Angell'~s Practical Summary of the Law of Assignment~ in tru~t for

creditor~.

Ang. on B. T. Angell on Bank Tax.

Ang. on Corp. Angell on the Law of Private Corporation~s.

Ang. on Limit. Angell's Treatise on the Limitation of Actions at Law, and

Suits in Equity.

~Ang. on Tide Wat. ~~Angell on the right of property in Tide Waters.

Ang.~ on W~ater Co~urses. Angell on the Common Law in relation to Water Courses.

Ann. Anne; as 1 Ann. c. 7.

Anna. Annaly's Reports. This book is usually cited Cas. Temp. Hardw.

Annesl. on Ins. Annesley on Insurance.

Anstr. Anstruther's Reports.

Anth. Shep. Anthon's editon's of Sheppard's Touchstone.

Ap. Justin. Apud Justinianum, or Justinian's Institutes.

App. Apposition.

Appx. Appendix.

Arch Archbold. Arch. Civ. Pl. Archbold's Civil Pleadings. Arch. Cr. Pl. Ar-

chbold's Criminal Pleadins. Arch. Pr. Archbold's Practice. Arch. B. L.

Archbold's Bankrupt law. Arch. L. & T. Archbold on the Law of Landlord

and Tenant. Arch. N. P. Archbold's Law of nisi Prius.

Arg. Argumento, by an argument drawn from such a law. it also signifies

arguendo.

Arg. Inst. Institution au Droit Francais, par M. Argou.

Ark. Rep. Arkansas Reports. See Pike's Rep.

Ark. Rev. Stat. Arkansas Revised Statutes.

Art. Article

Ashm. R. Ashmead's Reports

~Aso & Man. Inst. Aso and Manuel's institutes of the Laws of Spain.

Ass. or Lib. Ass. Liber Assissarium, or Pleas of the Crown.

Ast. Ent. Aston's Entries.

Atherl. on Mar. Atherley on the Law of Marriage and other Family Settlements.

Atk. Atkyn's Reports.

Atk. P. T. Atkyn's Parliamentary Tracts.

Atk. on Con. Atkinson on Conveyancing.

Atk. on Tit. Atkinson on Marketable Titles.

Ats. in practice, is an abbreviation for the words "at suit of," and is used

when the defendant files any pleadings; for example: when the defendant

enters a plea he puts his name before that of the plaintiff, reversing the

order in which they are on the record. C.D.(the defendant,) ats A.B. (the

plaintiff.)

Aust. on Jur. The Province of Jurisprudence determined, by John Austin

Auth. Authentica, in the Authentic; that is, the Summary of some of the Novels

of the Civil Law inserted in the code under such a title.

Ay. Ayliff'es Pandect.

Ayl. Parerg. Ayliffe's Parergon juris canonici Anglicani.

Azun. Mar. Law. Azuni's Maritime Law of Europe.

B, b, is used to point out that a number, used at the head of a page to denote

the folio, is the second number of the same volume.

B. B. Bail Bond.

B. or Bk. Book.

B. & A. Barnewall & Alderson's Reports.

B. & B. Ball & Beatty's Reports.

B. C. R. Brown's Chancery Reports.

B. Eccl. L. Burn's Ecclesiastical Law.

B. Just. Burn's Justice.

B. N. C. Brooke's New Cases.

B. P. C. or Bro. Parl. CaJ. Brown's Parliamentary Cases.

B. & P. or Bos. & Pull. Bosanquet & Puller's Reports.

B. R. or K. B. King's Bench.

B. Tr. Bishop's Trial.

Bab. on Auct. Babington on the Law of Auctions.

Bab. Set off. Babington on Set off and mutual credit.

Bac. Abr. Bacon's Abridgement.

Bac. Comp. Arb. Bacon's (M.) Complete Arbitrator.

Bac. El. Bacon's Elements of the Common Law.

Bac. Gov. Bacon on Government.

Bac. Law Tr. Bacon's Law Tracts

Bac. Leas. Bacon (M.) on Leases and Term~ of Years.

Bac. Lib Reg. Bacon's John) Liber Regis, vel Thesaurus Rerum Eccleslasticarum.

Bac. Uses. Bacon's Reading on the Statute of Uses. This is printed in his Law Tracts.

Bach. Man. Bache's Manual of a Pennsylvania Justice of the Peace Bail. R. Bailey's Reports.

Bain. on M.&M. Bainbridge on Mines and Minerals.

Baldwin. R. Baldwin's Circuit Court Reports.

Ball & Beat. Ball and Beatty's Reports.

Ballan. Lim. Ballantine on Limitations.

Banc. Sup. Upper Bench.

Barb. Eq. Dig. Barbour's Equity Digest.

Barb. Cr. Pl. Barbour's Criminal Pleadings.

Barb. Pract. in Ch. Barbour's Treatise on the Practice of the Court of Chancery.

Barb. R. Barbour's Chancery Reports.

Barb. Grot. Grotius on War and Peace, with notes by Barbeyrac.

Barb. Puff. Puffendorf's Law of Nature and Nations, with notes by M. Barbeyrac.

Barb. on Set off. Barbour on the Law of Set off, with an appendix of Precedents.

Barn. C. Barnardiston's~ Chancery Reports.

Barn. Barnardiston's K. B. Reports.

Barn. & Ald. Barnewall & Alderson's Reports.

Barn. & Adolph. Barnewall & Adolphus's Reports.

Barn. & Cress. Barnewull & Cresswell's Reports.

Barn. Sher. Barnes' Sheriff.

Barnu. Barnes' Notes of Practice.

Barr. Obs. Stat. Barrington's Observations on the more ancient statutes.

Barr. Ten. Barry's Tenure.

Bart. El. Conv. Barton's Elements of Conveyancing.

Bart. Prec. Conv. Barton's Precedents of Conveyancing.

Bart. S. Eq. Barton's Suit in Equity.

Batty's R. Batty's Reports of Cases determined in the K. B. Ireland.

Bay's R. Bay's Reports.

Bayl. Bills. Bayley on Bills.

Bayl. Ch. Pr. Bayley's Chamber Practice.

Beam. Ne Exeat. Brief view of the writ of Ne Exeat Regno, as an equitable process, by J. Beames.

Beam. Eq. Beames on Equity Pleading.

Beam. Ord. Chan. Beames' General Orders of the High Court of Cbancery, from 1600 to 1815.

Beat. R. Beatty's Reports determined in the High Court of Chancery In Ireland.

Beav. R. Beavan's Chancery Reports.

Beawes. Beawe's Lex Mercatoria.

Beck's Med. Jur. Beck's Medical Jurisprudence.

Bee's R. Bee's Reports.

Bell's Com. Bell's Commentaries on the Laws of Scotland, and on the Principles of Mercantile Jurisprudence.

Bell. Del. U. L. Beller's Delineation of Universal Law.

Bell's Dict. Dictionary of the Law of Scotland By Robert Bell

Bell's Med. Jur Bell's Medical Jurisprudence.

Bell's. Bellewe's Cases in the time of K. Richard II.

Bellewe's Cases in the time of Henry VIII, Edw VI., and Q. Mary, collected out of Brooke's Abridgment, and arranged under years, with a table, are cited as Brooke's New Cases.

Bellingh. Tr. Bellingham's Trial.

Belt's Sup. Belt's Supplement. Supplement to the Reports in Chancery of Francis Vesey, Senior, Esq, during the time of Lord Ch J. Hardwicke.

Belt's Ves. sen. Belt's editon of Vesey senior's Reports.

Benl. Benloe & Dalison's Reports. See New Benl.

Ben. on Av. Benecke on Average.

Benn. Diss. Bennet's Short Dissertation on the nature and various proceedings in the Master's Office, in the Court of Chancery. Sometimes this book is called Benn. Pract.

Benn. Pract. See Benn. Diss.

Benth. Ev. Bentham's Treatise on Judicial Evidence.

Best on Pres. Best's Treatise on Presumption of Law and Fact.

Bett's Adm. Pr. Bett's Admiralty Practice.

Bev. on Hom. Bevil on Homicide.

Bill. on Aw. Billing on the Law of Awards.

Bing. Bingham

Bing. Inf; Bingham on Infancy.

Bing on Judg. Bingham on Judgments and Executions. Bing L.& T. Bingham on the Law of Landlord and Tenant

Bing.R. Bing Bingham's Reports.

Bing. N. C. Bingham's New Cases.

Binn. Reports Of Cases adjudged in the Supreme Court. of Pennsylvania By Horace Binney

Bird on Conv. Bird on Conveyancing

Bird L.& T. Bird on the Laws respecting Landlords, Tenants and Lodgers.

Bird's Sol. Pr Bird's Solution of Precedents of Settlements.

Biret, De l'Abs. Traite de l'Absence et de ses effects, par M. Biret

Biss. on Est. or Biss. on Life Est. Bissett on the Law of Estates for Life.

Biss. on Partn. Bissett on Partnership.

Bl. Blounts Law Dictionary and Glossary

Bl. Comm. or Comm. Commentaries on the Laws of England by Sir Wllliam Blackstone.

Bl. Rep. Sir William Blackstone's Reports.

Bl. H. Henry Blackstone's Reports, sometime cited H. Bl.

Black. L. T. Blackstone's Law Tracts

Blackb. on Sales. Blackburn on the Effect of the Contract of Sales.

Blackb. on Sales. Blackburn on the Law of Sales.

Blackf. R. Blackford's Reports.

Blak. Ch. Pr. Blake's Practice of the Court of Chancery of the State of New York.

Blan. on Ann. Blaney on Life Annuities

Bland's Ch. R. Bland's Chancery Reports.

Blansh. Lim. Blanshard on Limitations.

Bligh. R. Bligh's Reports of Cases decided in the House of Lords.

Blount. Blount's Law Dictionary and Glossary.

Bo. R. Act. Booth on Real Actions.

Boh. Dec. Bohun's Declarations.

Boh. Eng. L. Bohun's English Lawyer.

Boh. Priv. Lon. Bohun's Privilegia Londini.

Boote. Boote's Ch. Pr. Boote's Chanccry Practice.

Boote's S. L. Boote's Suit at Law.

Booth's R. A. Booth on Real Action.

Borth. L. L. Borthwick on the Law of Libels.

Bos. & ~ Pull. Bosanquet and Puller'~s Reports. Vide B.~& P.

Bosc. on Con~. Bo~cowen on Convictions.

Bott. Bott's Poor Laws.

Bouch Inst. Dr. Mar. Boucher, Institution au Droit Maritime.

Boulay Paty~ Dr. Com. Cours de Droit Commercial Maritime, par P. S Boulay Paty.

Bousq. Dict. de Dr. Bousquet, Dictionnaire de Droit.

Bouv. L. D. Bouvier's Law Dictionary.

Bouv. Inst. Institutiones Theologicae Auctore J. Bouvier.

Bouv. Inst. Am. Law. Bouvier's Institutes of American Law.

Bowl. on Lib. Bowles on Libels.

Br. or Brownl. Brownlow's Reports.

Br. or Br. Ab. Brooke's Abridgment.

Bra. Brady's Hiatory of the Succession of the Crown of England, &c.

Brac. Bracton's Treatise on the Laws and Customs of England.

Bra. Princ. Branche's Principia Legis et Aequitatis.

Brack. L. Misc. Brackenridge's Law Miscellany.

Bradb. Bradby on Distresses.

Bradl. P. B. Bradley's Point Book.

Bran. Prin. or Bran. Max. Branch's Principia Legis Aequitatis, being an alphabetical collection of maxims, &c.

Brayt. R. Brayton's Reports.

Breese's R. Breese's Reports.

Brev. Sel. Brevia Selecta, or Choice Writs.

Brid. Bridgman's Reports Reports from 12 to 19 K James. By Sir John Bridgman.

Brid. Dig. Ind. Bridgman's Digested Index.

Brid. Leg. Bib. Bridgman's Legal Bibliography.

Brid. Conv. Bridgman's Precedents of Conveyancing.

Brid. Refl. Bridgman's Reflections on the Study of the Law.

Brid. Sy~nth. Bridgeman's Synthesis.

Brid. Thes. Jur. Bridgman's Thesaurus Juridica.

Bridg. O. Orlando Bridgmen's Reports.

Bridg. The. Jru. Bridgman's Thesaurus Juridicus.

Britton. Treatise on the Ancient Pleas of the Crown

Bro. or Brownl. Brownlow's Reports. Also, Reports by Richard Brownlow and John Goldeshorough. Cited 1 Bro. 2 Bro.

Bro. Ab. Brooke's Abridgement.

Bro. A. & C. L. Brown's Admiralty and Civil Law.

Bro. C. C. Brown's Chancery Cases.

Bro. Off. Not. A Treatise on the Office and Practice of a Notary in England, as connected with Mercantile Instruments, &c. By Richard Brooke.

Bro. P. C. Brown's Parliamentary Cases.

Bro. Read. Brooke's Reading on the Statute of Limitations.

Bro. on Sales. Brown on Sales

Bro. V.M. Brown's Vade Mecum.

Brock. R. Brockenbrough's Reports of Chief Justice Marshall's Decisions.

Brod. & Bing. Broderip & Bingham's Reports.

Broom on Part. Broom on Parties to Actions.

Brownl. Rediv. or Brownl. Ent. Brownlow Redivivus.

Bruce M. L. Bruce's Military Law.

Buck's Ca. Buck's Cases. Cases in Bankruptcy in 1817, 1818, by J.W. Buck.

Bull. Bull. N.P. Buller's Nisi Prius.

Bulst. Bulstrode's Reports.

Bunb. Bunbury's Reports.

Burge Col. Law. Burge's Colonial Law.

Burge Confl. of Law. Burge on the Conflict of Laws.

Burge on Sur. Burge's Commentaries on the Law of Suretyship. &c.

Burge For. Law. Burge on Foreign Law.

Burlam. Burlamaqui's Natural and Political Law.

Burn's L.D. Burn's Law Dictionary.

Burn's Just. Burn's Justice of the Peace.

Burn's Eccl. Law or Burn's E.L. Burn's Ecclesiastical Law.

Burn. C.L. Burnett's Treatise on the Criminal Law of Scotland.

Burn. Com. Burnett's Commentaries on the Criminal Law of Scotland.

Burr. Burrow's Reports.

Burr. Sett. Cas. Burrow's Settlement Cases.

Burr's Tr. Burr's Trial.

Burt. Man. Burton's Manual of the Law of Scotland. The work is in two parts, one relating to "public law," and the other to the law of "private rights and obligations." The former is cited Burt. Man. P.L.; the latter, Burt. Man. Pr.

Burt. on Real Prop. Burton on Real Property.

Butl. Hor. Jur. Butler's Horae Juridicae Subsecivae.

C. Codes, the Code of Justinian. C. Code. C. Chancellor.

C.& A. Cooke and Alcock's Reports.

C.B. Communi Banco, or Common Bench.

C.C. Circuit Court.

C.C. Cepi Corpus.

C.C.& B.B. Cepi Corpus and Bail Bond.

C.C. or Ch. Cas. Cases in Chancery in three parts.

C.C.C. or Cr. Cir. Com. Crown Circuit Companion.

C.C.& C. Cepi corpus et committitur. See Capias ad satisfaciendum, in the body of the work.

C.C.E. or Cain. Cas. Caines' Cases in Error.

C.D. or Com. Dig. Comyn's Digest.

C.& D. C. C. Crawford and Dix's Criminal Cases.

C.& D. Ab. C. Crawford and Dix's Abridged Cases.

C.& F. Clark & Findley's Reports.

C.& F. Clarke & Finelly's Reports.

C. J. Chief Justice.

C.& J. Crompton & Jervis' Exchequer Reports.

C.J.C.P. Chief Justice of the Common Pleas.

C.J.K.B. Chief Justice of the King's Bench.

C.J.Q.B. Chief Justice of the Queen's Bench.

C.J.U.B. Chief Justice of the Upper Bench. During the time of the commonwealth, the English Court of the King's Bench was called the Upper Bench.

C.& K. Carrington & Kirwan's Reports.

C.& M. Crompton & Meeson's Reports.

C.& M. Carrington & Marshman's Reports.

C.M.& R. Crompton, Meeson & Roscoe's Exchequer Reports.

C.N.P.C. Campbell's Nisi Prius Cases.

C. P. Common Pleas.

C.P. Coop. C.P. Cooper's Reports.

C.& P. or Car.& Payn. Carrington & Payne's Reports.

C.& P. Craig & Phillips' Reports.

C.R. or Ch. Rep. Chancery Reports.

C.& R. Cockburn & Rowe's Reports.

C.W. Dudl. Eq. C.W. Dudley's Equity Reports.

C. Theod. Codice Theodosiano, in the Theodosian code.

Ca. Case or placitum.

Ca. T.K. Select Cases tempore King.

Ca. T. Talb. Cases tempore Talbot.

Ca. res. Capias ad respondendum.

Ca. sa., in practice, is the abbreviation of capias ad satisfaciendum.

Caines' R. Caines' Term Reports.

Caines' Cas. Caines' Cases, in error.

Caines' Pr. Caines' Practice.

Cald. R. Caldecott's Reports.

Cald. S.C. Caldecott's Settlement Cases; sometimes cited Cald. R.

Caldw. Arbit. Caldwell on Arbitration.

Call. on Sew. Callis on the Law relating to Sewers.

Call's R. Call's REports.

Calth. R. Calthorp's Reports of Special Cases touching several customs and liberties of the City of London.

Calv. on Part. Calvert on Parties to Suits in Equity.

Cam.& Norw. Cameron & Norwood's Reports.

Campb. Campbell's Reports.

Can. Canon.

Cap. Capitulo, chapter.

Car. Carolus: as 13 Car. 2, st. 2, c.1.

Carr. Cr. L. Carrington's Criminal Law.

Carr.& Kirw. Carrington & Kriwan's Reports. See C.& K.

Carr.& Marsh. Carrington & Marshman's Reports.

Carr.& Oliv. R. and C.C. Carrow & Oliver's Railway and Canal Cases.

Cart. Carter's Reports. Reports in C.P. in 16, 17, 18, and 19, Charles II.

Cara de For. Carta de Foresta.

Carth. Carthew's Reports.

Cary. Cary's Reports.

Cary on Partn. Cary on the Law of Partnership.

Cas. of App. Cases of Appeals to the House of Lords.

Cas. L. Eq. Cases and Opinions in Law, Equity, and Conveyancing.

Cas. of Pr. Cases of Practice in the Court of the King's Bench, from the reign of Eliz. to the 14 Geo. 3.

Cas. of Sett. Cases of Settlement.

Cas. Temp. Hardw. Cases during the time of Lord Hardwicke.

Cas. Temp. Talb. Cases during the time of Lord Talbot.

Ch. Chancellor.

Ch. CAs. Cases in Chancery.

Ch. Pr. Precedents in Chancery.

Ch. R. REports in Chancery.

Ch. Rep. Vide Ch. Cases.

Chamb. on Jur. of Chan. Chambers on the Jurisdiction of the High Court of Chancery, over the Persons and Property of Infants.

Chamb. L.& T. Chambers on the Law of Landlord and Tenant.

Char. Merc. Charta mercatoria. See Bac. Ab. Smuggling, C.

Charlt. Charlton. T.U.P. Charl. T.U.P. Charlton's Reports. R.M. Charlton's Reports.

Chase's Tr. Chase's Trial.

Cher. Cas. Cherokee Case.

Chev. C.C. Cheves' Chancery Cases.

Chipm. R. Chipman's Reports. D. Chipm. D. Chipman's Reports.

Chipm. Contr. Essay on the Law of Contracts for the payment of Specific Articles. By Daniel Chipman.

Ch. Contr. A Practical Treatise on the Law of Contracts. By Joseph Chitty, Jr.

Chitty. on App. Chitty's Practical Treatise on the Law relating to Apprentices and Journeymen.

Chit. on Bills. Chitty on Bills.

Chit. Jr. on Bills. Chitty, junior, on Bills.

Chit. Com. L. Chitty's Treatise on Commerical Law.

Chit. Cr. L. Chitty's Criminal Law.

Chit. on Des. Chitty on the Law of Descents.

Chit. F. Chitt's Forms and Practical Proceedings.

Chit. Med. Jur. Chitty on Medical Jurisprudence.

Chit. Chitty's Reports.

Chit. Pl. A Practical Treatise on Pleading, by Joseph Chitty.

Chit. Pr. Chitty's General Practice.

Chit. Prerog. Chitty on the Law of the Prerogatives of the Crown.

Chris. B.L. Christian's Bankrupt Laws.

Christ. Med. Jur. Christison's Treatise on Poisons, relating to Medical Jurisprudence, Physiology, and the Practice of Physic.

Civ. Civil.

Civ. Code Lo. Civil Code of Louisiana.

Cl. The Clementines.

Cl. Ass. Clerk's Assistant.

Clan. H.& W. Clancy on the Rights, Duties, and Liabilities of Husband and Wife.

Clark on Leas. Clark's Enquiry into the Nature of Leases.

Clarke, R. Clarke's Reports.

Clark & Fin. Clark & Finelly's Reports.

Clark. Adm. Pr. Clarke's Practice inthe Admiralty.

Clark. Prax. Clarke's Praxis, being the manner of proceeding in the Ecclesiastical Courts.

Clay. Clayton's Reports.

Cleir. Us et Const. Cleirac, Us et Coustumes ae la Mer.

Clerke's Rud. Clerke's Rudiments of American Law and Practice.

Clift. Clift's Entries.

Co. A particle used before other words to imply that the person spoken of possesses the same character as other persons whose character is mentioned, as co-executor, and executor with other; co-heir, an heir with others; co-partner, a partner with others, etc. - Co. is also an abbreviation for "company" as John Smith & Co. When so abbreviated is also represents "county."

Co. Coke's Reports.

Co. or Co. Rep. Coke's Reports.

Co. Ent. Coke's Entries.

Co. B. L. Cooke's Bankrupt Law.

Co. on Courts. Coke on Courts; 4th Institute. See Inst.

Co. Litt. Coke on Littleton. See Inst.

Co. M. C. Coke's Magna Charta; 2d Institute. See. Inst.

Co. P. C. Coke's Pleas of the Crown. See Inst.

Cock & Rowe. Cockburn & Rowe's Reports.

Code Civ. Code Civil, or Civil Code of France. This work is usually cited by the article.

Code Nap. Code Napoleaon. The same as Code Civil.

Code Com. Code de Commerce.

Code Pen. Code Penal.

Code Pro. Code de Procedure.

Col. Column, in the first or second column of the book quoted.

Col.& Cai. CAs. Coleman & Caines' Cases.

Cole on Inf. Cole on Criminal Informations, and Informations in the Nature of Quo Warranto.

Coll. on Pat. Collier on the Law of Patents.

Coll. on Idiots. Collinson on the Law concerning Idiots, &c.

Coll. Rep. Colle's Reports.

Coll. Collation.

Colly. Rep. Collyer's Reports.

Com. Communes, or Extravagantes Communes.

Com. or Com. Rep. Comyn's Reports.

Com. Contr. Comyn on Contract.

Com. on Us. Comyn on Usury.

Com. Dig. Comyn's Digest.

Com. L.& T. Comyn on the Law of Landlord and Tenant.

Com. Law. Commerical Law.

Com. Law. Rep. Common Law Reports, edited by Sergeant and Lowher.

Comb. Comberbach's Reports.

Comm. Blackstone's Commentaries.

Con. & Law. Connor & Lawson's Reports.

Cond. Condensed.

Cond. Ch. R. Condensed Chancery Reports.

Cond. Ex. R. Condensed Exchequer Reports.

Conf. Chart. Confirmatio Chartorum.

Cong. Congress.

Conkl. Pr. Conkling's Practice of the Courts of the United States.

Conn. R. Connecticut Reports.

Conr. Cust. R. Contoy's Custodiam Reports.

Cons. del Mar. Consolato del Mare.

Cons. Ct. R. Constitutional Court REports.

Cont. Contra.

Cooke on Defam. Cooke on Defamation.

Coop. Eq. R. Cooper's Equity Reports.

Coop. Cas. Cases in the High Court of Chancery. By George Cooper.

Coop. on Lib. Cooper on the Law of Libels.

Coop. Eq. Pl. Cooper's Equity Pleading.

Coop. Just. Cooper's Justinian's Institutes.

Coop. Med. Jur. Cooper's Medical Jurisprudence.

Coop. t. Brough. Cooper's Cases in the time of Brougham.

Coop. P.P. Cooper's Points of Practice.

Cote. Mrtg. Coote on Mortgages.

Corb. & Dan. Corbet & Daniel's Election Cases.

Corn. on Uses. Cornish on Uses.

Corn. on REm. Cornish on REmainders.

Corp. Jur. Civ. Corpus Juris Civilus.

Corp. Jur. Can. Corpus Juris Canonicus.

Corvin. Corvinus. See Bac. Ab. Mortgage A, where this author is cited.

Cot. Abr. Cotton's Abridgement of Records.

Cov. on Conv. Evi. Coventry on Conveyancers' Evidence.

Cow. Int. Cowel's Law Dictionary, or the Interpreter of words and terms, used either in the common or statute laws of Great Britain.

Cowp. Cowper's Reports.

Cow. R. Cowen's Reports, N.Y.

Cox's Cas. Cox's Cases.

Coxe's R. Coxe's Reports.

Crabb's C.L. Crabb's Common Law. A History of English Law. By George Crabb.

Crabb, R. P. Crabb on the Law of Real Property.

Craig & Phil. Craig & Phillip's Reports.

Cranch, R. Cranch's Reports.

Cressw. R. Cresswell's Reports of Cases decided in the Court for the Relief of Insolvent Debtors.

Crim. Con. Criminal Conversation: adultery.

Cro. Croke's Reports.

Cro. Eliz. Croke's Reports, during the time of Queen Elizabeth, also cited as 1 Cro.

Cro. jac. Croke's Reports during the time of King James I., also cited as 2 Cro.

Cro. Car. Croke's Reports, during the time of Charles I., also cited as 3 Cro.

Crompt. Ex. Rep. Crompton's Exchequer Reports.

Crompt. J.C. Crompton's Jurisdiction of Courts.

Crompt. & Mees. Crompton & Meeson's Exchequer Reports.

Crompt. Mees. & Rosc. Crompton, Meeson, and Roscoe's Exchequer Reports.

Cross on Liens. Cross' Treatise on the Law of Liens and Stoppage in Transitu.

Cru. Dig. or Cruise's Dig. Cruise's Digest of the Law of Real Property.

Cul. Culpablilis, guilty; non cul. not guilty; a plea entered in actions of trespass.

Cul. prit., commonly written culprit; cul., as above mentioned, means culpabilis, or culpable; and prit, which is a corruption of pret, signifies ready. 1 Chitty Cr. Law. 416.

Cull. Bankr. L. Cullen's Principles ofhte Bankrupt Law.

Cun. Cunningham's Reports.

Cunn. Dict. Cunningham's Dictionary.

Cur. adv. vult. Curia advisare vult. Vide Ampliation.

Cur. Scacc. Cursus Scaccarii, the Court of the Star Chamber.

Cur. Phil. Curia Philipica.

Curs. Can. Cursus Cancellariae.

Curt. R. Curteis' Ecclesiastical Reports.

Curt. Am. Sea. Curtis on American Seamen.

Curt. on Copyr. Curtis on Copyrights.

Cush. Trust. Pr. Cushing on Trustee Process, or Foreign Attachment, of the Laws of Massachusetts and Maine.

Cust. de Norm. Custome de Normandie.

D. dialogue; as, Dr. and Stud. D. 2, c. 24, or Doctor and Student, dialogue 2, chapter 24.

D. dictum; D. Digest of Justinian.

D. The Digest or Pandects of the Civil Law, is sometimes cited thus, D.6.1.5.

D. C. District Court; District of Columbia.

D. C. L. Doctor of the Civil Law.

D. Chipm. R. D. Chipman's Reports.

D. S. B. Debit sans breve.

D. S. Deputy Sheriff.

D.& C. Dow and Clark's Reports.

D.& C. Deacon & Chitty's Reports.

D.& E. Durnford & East's Reports. This book is also cited as Term Reports, abbreviated as T.R.

D.& L. Danson & Lloyd's Mercantile Cases.

D.& M. Davidson's & Merivale's Reports.

D.& R. Dowling and Ryland's Reports.

D.& R. N. P. C. Dowling and Ryland's Reports of Cases decided at Nisis Prius.

D.& S. Doctor and Student.

D.& W. Drury & Walsh's Reports.

D;Aguesseau, Oeuvres. Oeuvres completes du Chancellier D'Aguesseau.

Dat. Cr. L. Dagge's Criminal Law.

Dal. Dalison's Reports. See Benl.

Dall. Dallas' Reports.

Dall. Dallas' Laws of Pennsylvania.

Dalloz, Dict. Dictionaire General et raisonne de legilation, de Doctrine, et de Jurisprudence, en matiere civile, commerciale, criminelle, administrative, et de Droit Public. Par Armand Dalloz, jeune.

Dalr. Feud. Pr. Dalrymple's Essay, or History of Feudal Property in Great Britain. Sometimes cited Dalr. F.L.

Dalr. on Ent. Dalrymple on the Polity of Entails.

Dalr. F. L. Dalrymple's Feudal law.

Dalt. Just. Dalton's Justice.

Dalt. Sh. Dalton's Sheriff.

D'Anv. D'Anvers' Abridgement.

Dan. Ch. Pr. Caniell's Chancery Practice.

Dan. Ord. Danish Ordinances.

Dan. Rep. Daniell's Reports.

Dan.& Ll. Danson & Lloyd's Reports.

Dana's R. Dana's Reports.

Dane's Ab. Dane's Abridgment of American Law.

Dav. Davies' Reports.

Dav. on Pat. Davies' Collection of Cases respecting patents.

Daw. Land. Pr. Dawe's Epitome of the Law of Landed Property.

Daw. Real Pr. Dawe's Introduction to the Knowledge of the Law on Real Estates.

Daw. on Arr. Dawe's Commentaries on the Law of Arrest in Civil Cases.

Daws. Or. Leg. Dawson's Origo Legum.

Deac. R. Deacon's Reports. Deac.& Chit. Deacon & Chitty's Reports.

Deb. on Jud. Debates on the Judiciary.

Dec. temp. H.& M. Decisions in Admiralty duringthe time of Hay & Marriott.

Deft. Defendant.

De Gex & SM. R. De Gex & Smale's Reports.

Den. Cr. Cas. Denison's Crown Cases.

Den. Rep. Denio's New York Reports.

Desaus. R. Desaussure's Chancery Reports.

Dev. R. Devereux's Reports.

Dev. Ch. R. Devereux's Chancery Reports.

Dev.& Bat. Devereux & Battle's Reports.

Di. or Dy. Dyer's Reports.

Dial. de Scac. Dialogus de Scaccario.

Dick. Just. Dickinson's Justice.

Dick. Pr. Dickinson's Practice of the Quarter of and other Sessions.

Dick. Dicken's Reports.

Dict. Dictionary.

Dict. Dr. Can. Dictionnaire de Driot Canonique.

Dict. de' Jur. Dictionnaire de Jurisprudence.

Dig. Digest of writs. Dig. The Pandects or Digest of the Civil Law, cited as Dig. 1,2,5,6, for Digest, book 1, 2, law 5, sections 6.

Disn. on Gam. Disney's Law of Gaming.

Doct. & Stud. Doctor and Student.

Doct. Pl. Doctrina Placitandi.

Doder. Eng. Law. Doderidge's English Lawyer.

Dods. R. Dodson's Reports.

Dom. Domat, Lois Civilles.

Dom. Proc. Domo Procerum. In the House of Lords.

Domat. Lois Civilles dans leur ordre naturel. Par M. Domat.

Dougl. Douglas' Reports.

Doug. El. Cas. Dougls' Election Cases.

Dougl. (Mich.) R. Dougls' Michigan Reports.

Dow. or Dow. P.C. Dow's Parliamentary Cases.

Dow & Clarke, Dow and Clarke's Reports of Cases in the House of Lords.

Dowl. P. C. Dowling's Practical Cases.

Dow.& R. N. P. Dowling and Ryan's Nisi Prius Cases.

Dow.& Ry. M.C. Dowling & Ryan's Cases for Magistrates.

Dow.& Ry. Dowling and Ryland's Reports.

Dr.& St. Doctor and Student.

Drew. on Inj. Drewry on Injunctions.

Dru.& Wal. Drury and Walsh's Reports.

Dru.& War. Drury & Warren's Reports.

Dub. Dubitatur.

Dudl. R. Dudley's Law and Equity Reports.

Dug. S. or Dugd. Sum. Dugdale's Summons.

Dugd. Orig. Dugdale's Origines.

Dug. Sum. Dugdale's Summonses

Duke. or Duke's Ch. Uses. Duke's Law of Charitable Uses.

Dunl. Pr. Dunlap's Practice.

Dunl. Admr. Pr. Dunlap's Admiralty Practice.

Duponc. on Jur. Duponceau on Jurisdictions.

Duponc. Const. Duponceau on the Constitution.

Dur. Dr. FR. Duranton, Droit Francais.

Durnf.& East. Durnford & East's Reports, also cited D.& E. or T.R.

Duv. Dr. Civ. Fr. Duvergier, Droit Civil Francais. This is a continuation of Touiller's Droit Civil Francais. Teh first volume of Duvergier is the sixteenth volume of the continuation. The work is sometimes cited 16 Toull. or 16 Toullier, instead of being cited 1 Duv. or 1 Duvergier, etc.

Dwar. on Stat. Dwarris on Statutes.

Dy. Dyer's Reports.

E. Easter Term.

E. Edward; as 9 E. 3, c. 9.

E. of Cov. Earl of Coventry's Case.

E.C.L.R. English Common Law Reports, sometimes cited Eng. Com. Law REp. (q.v.)

E.g., usually written e.g., exempli gratia; for the sake of an instance or example.

E.P.C. or East, P.C. East's Pleas of the Crown.

East, P.C. East's Pleas of the Crown.

Eccl. Ecclesiastical.

Eccl. Law. Ecclesiastical Law.

Eccl. Rep. Ecclesiastical Reports. Vide Eng. Eccl. Rep.

Ed. or Edit. Edition.

Ed. Edward; as, 3 Ed. 1, c. 9.

Ed. Inj. Eden on Injunction.

Ed. Eq. Reps. Eden's Equity Reports.

Ed. Prin. Pen. Law. Eden's Principles of Penal Law.

Edm. Exch. Pr. Edmund's Exchequer Practice.

Edw. Ad. Rep. Edward's Admiralty Reports.

Edw. Lead. Dec. Edward's Leading Decisions.

Edw. on Part. Edward's on Parties to Bills in Chancery.

Edw. on Rec. Edwards on Receivers in Chancery.

Eliz. Elizabeth; as, 13 Eliz. c. 15.

Ellis on D. and Cr. Ellis on the Law relating to Debtor and Creditor.

Elm on Dil. Elmes on Ecclesiastical and Civil Dilapidations.

Elsyn on Parl. Elsynge on Parliaments.

Encycl. Encycloaedia, or Encyclopedie.

Eng. English.

Eng. Ch. R. English Chancery Reports. Vide Cond. Ch. R. (See App. A.)

Eng. Com. Law Rep. English Common Law Reports.

Eng. Ecc. R. English Ecclisiastical Reports.

Eng. Plead. English Pleader.

Engl. Rep. English's Arkansas Reports.

Eod. Eodem, under the same title.

Eod. tit. In the same title.

Eq. Ca. Ab. Equity Cases Abridged.

Eq. Draft. Equity Draftsman.

Ersk. Inst. Erskin'e Institute of the Law of Scotland.

Ersk. Prin. of Laws of Scotl. Erskine's Principles of the Laws of Scotland.

Esp. N.P. Espinasse's Nisi Prius.

Esp. N. P. R. Espinasse's Nisi Prius Reports.

Esp. on Ev. Espinasse on Evidence.

Esp. on Pen. Ev. Espinasse on Penal Evidence.

Esq. Esquire.

Et. al. Et alii, and others.

Eunom. Eunomus.

Ev. Col. Stat. Evan's Collection of Statutes.

Ev. on Pl. Evans on Pleading.

Ev. Tr. Evans' Trial.

Ex. or Exor. Executor.

Execx. Executrix.

Exch. Rep. Exchequer Reports. Vide Cond. Exch. REp.

Exec. Execution. Exp. Expired.

Exton's Mar. Divaeo. Exton's Maritime Dicaeologie.

Extrav. Extravagants.

F. Finalis, the last or latter part.

F. Fitzherbert's Abridgment.

F.& F. Falconer & Fitzherbert's Reports.

F. R. Forum Romanum.

F.& S. Fox & Smith's Reports.

F. N. B. Fitzherbert's Natura Brevium.

Fairf. R. Fairfield's Reports.

Fac. Coll. Faculty Collection; the name of a set of Scotch Reports.

Falc. & Fitzh. Falconer & Fitzherbert's Election Cases.

Far. Farresly, (7 Mod. REp.) is sometimes so cited.

Farr's Med. Jur. Farr's Elements of Medical Jurisprudence.

Fearn. on Rem. Fearne on Remainders.

Fell. on Mer. Guar. Fell on Mercantile Guaranties.

Ferg. on M.& D. Ferfusson on Marriage and Divorce.

Ferg. R. Fergusson's Reports of the Consistorial Court of Scotland.

Ff. or ff. Pandects of Justinian: a careless way of writing the Greek .

Ferr. Hist. Civ. L. Ferriere's History of the Civil Law.

Ferr. Mod. Ferriere Moderne, on Nouveau Dictionnaire des Termes de Droit et de Pratique.

Fess. on Pat. Fessenden on Patents.

Fi. fa. Fieri Facias.

Field's Com. Law. Field on the Common Law of England.

Fielding on Penal Laws.

Finch. Finch's Law; or a Discourse thereof, in five books.

Finch's Pr. Finch's Precedents in Chancery.

Finl. L. C. Finlayson's Leading Cases on Pleading.

Fish. Capyh. Fisher on Copyholds.

Fitz. C. Fitzgibbon's Cases.

Fitzh. Fitzherbert's Abridgment

Fitzh. Nat. Bre. Fitzherbert's Natura Brevium.

Fl. or Fleta. A Commentary on the English Law, written by an anonymous author, in the time of Edward I., while a prisoner in the Fleet.

Fletch. on Trusts. Fletcher on the Estates of Trustees.

Floy. Proct. Pr. Floyer's Proctor's Practice.

Fol. Foley's Poor Laws.

Fol. Folio.

Fonb. Fonblanque on Equity.

Fonb. Med. Jur. Fonblanque on Medical Jurisprudence.

Forr. Forrester's Cases during the time of Lord Talbot, commonly cited Cas. Temp. Talb.

For. Pla. Brown's Formulae Placitandi.

Forb. on Bills. Forbes on Bills of Exchange.

Forb. Inst. Forbes' Institutes of the Law of Scotland.

Forr. Exch. Rep. Forrest's Exchequer Reports.

Fors. on Comp. Forsyth on the Law relating to Composition with Creditors.

Fortesc. Fortescue, De Laudibus Legum Angliae.

Fortesc. R. Fortescue's Reports, temp. Wm. and Anne.

Fost. or Fost. C.L. Foster's Crown Law.

Fox.& Sm. Fox & Smith's Reports.

Fr. Fragmentum.

Fra. or Fra. Max. Francis' Maxims.

Fr. Ord. French Ordinance. Sometimes cited Ord. de la Mar.

Fras. Elect. Cas. Fraser's Election Cases.

Fred. Co. Frederician Code.

Freem. Freeman's Reports.

Freem. C. C. Freeman's Cases in Chancery.

Freem. (Mis.) R. Freeman's Reports of Cases decided by the Superior Court of Chancery of Mississippi.

G. George; as, 13 G. 1, c. 29.

G. & J. Glyn & Jameson's Reports.

G. & J. Gill & Johnson's Reports.

G. M. Dudl. Repo. G. M. Dudley's Reports.

Gale & Dav. Gale & Davidson's Reports.

Gale's Stat. Gale's Statutes of Illinois.

Gall. or Gall. Rep. Gallison's Reports.

Garde on Ev. Garde's Practical Treatise on the General Principles and Elementary Rules of the Law of Evidence.

Geo. George; as, 13 Geo. 1, c. 29.

Geo. Dec. Georgia Decisions.

Geo. Lib. George on the Offence of Libel.

Gib. on D.& N. Gibbons on the Law of Dilapidations and Nuisances.

Gibs. Codex. Gibson's Codex Juris Civilis.

Gilb. R. Gilbert's Reports.

Gilb. Ev. Gilbert's Evidence.

Gilb. U. & T. Gilbert on Uses and Trusts.

Gilb. Ten. Gilbert on Tenures.

Gilb. on Rents. Gilbert on Rents.

Gilb. on Rep. Gilbert on Replevin.

Gilb. Ex. Gilbert on Executions.

Gilb. Exch. Gilbert's Exchequer.

Gilb. For. Rom. Gilbert's Forum Romanum.

Gilb. K. B. Gilbert's King's Bench.

Gilb. Rem. Gilbert on REmainders.

Gilb. on Dev. Gilbert on Devises.

Gilb. Lex. praet. Gilbert's Lex Praetoria.

Gill & John. Gill & Johnson's Reports.

Gill's R. Gill's Reports.

Gilm. R. Gilmer's Reports.

Gilp. R. Gilpin's Circuit Court Reports.

Gl. Glossa, the Gloss.

Glanv. Glanville's Treatise of the Laws and Customs of England.

Glassff. Ev. Glassford on Evidence.

Glov. Mun. Corp. Glover on Municipal Corporations, or Glov. on Corp. Glover on the Law of Municipal Corporations.

Glyn. & Jam. Glyn & Jameson's Reports of Cases in Bankruptcy.

Godb. Godbolt's Reports.

Godolph. Ad. Jr. Godolphin's View of the Admiralty Jurisdiction.

Godolph. Rep. Can. Godolphin's Repertorium Canonicum.

Godolph. Godolphin's Orphan's Legacy.

Gods. on Pat. Godson'sTReatise ont he Law of Patents.

Goldesh. Goldeshorought's Reports.

Golds. Goldshorough's Reports.

Gord. on Dec. Gordon on the Law of Decedents in Pennsylvania.

Gould on Pl. Gould on the Principles of Pleading in Civil Actions.

Gow on Part. Gow on Partnership.

Grah. Pr. Graham's Practice.

Grah. N.T. Graham on New Trials.

Grand. Cout. Grand Coutumier de Normandie, (q.v.)

Grady on Fixt. Grady on the law of Fixtures.

Grant on New. Tr. Grant on New Trials.

Grant's Ch. Pr. Grant's Chancery Practice.

Gratt. R. Grattan's Virginia Reports.

Green's B.L. Green's Bankrupt Laws.

Green's R. Green's Reports.

Greenl. on Ev. Greenleaf's Treatise on the Law of Evidence.

Greenl. Ov. Cas. Greenleaf's Overruled Cases.

Greenl. R. Greenleaf's Reports.

Greenw on Courts. Greenwood on Courts.

Gres. Eq. Ev. Gresley's Equity Evidence.

Grif. REg. Griffith's Law Register.

Grimk. on Ex. Grimke on the Duty of Executors and Administrators.

Grisw. Rep. Griswold's Reports.

Grot. Grotius de Jure Belli.

Gude's Pr. Gude's Practice on the Crown side of King's Bench, &c.

Gwill. Gwillim's Tithe Cases.

H. Henry; as, 18 H. 7, c. 15.

H. Hilary Term.

H.A. Hoc Anno

H.v. commonly written in small letters h.v. hoc verbo.

H. of L. House of Lords.

H. of R. House of Representatives.

H.& B. Hudson & Brooke's Reports.

H.& G. Harris & Gill's Reports.

H.& J. Harris & Johnson's Reports.

H. Bl. Henry Blackston'es Reports.

H. H. C. L. Hale's History ofthe Common Law.

H.& M. Henning and munford's Reports.

H.& M'H. or Harr. & M'Hen. Harris & M'Henry's Reports.

Hab. fa. seis. Habere facias seisinam.

H. P. C. Hales' Pleas of the Crown.

H.t. usually put in small letters, h.t. hoc titulo.

Hab. Corp. Habeas Corpus.

Hab. fa. pos. Habere facias possessionem.

Hagg. Ad. R. Haggard's Admiralty Reports.

Hagg. Ecc. R. Haggard's Ecclesiastical Reports.

Hagg. C. R. Haggard's REports in the Consistory Court of London.

Hale, P.C. Hale's Pleas of the Crown.

Hale's Sum. Hale's Summary of Pleas.

Hale's Jur. J. L. Hale's Jursidiction of the House of Lords.

Hale's Hist. C.L. Hale's History of the Common Law.

Halif. Civ. Law. Halifax's Analysis ofthe Civil Law.

Hall's R. Hall's Reports of Cases decided in the Superior Court of the city of New York.

Halk. dig. Halkerton's digest of the Law of Scotland relating ot Marriage.

Hall's Adm. Pr. Hall's Admiralty Practice.

Halst. R. Halstead's Reports.

Hamm. N. P. Hammond's Nisi Prius.

Ham. R. Hammond's (Ohio) Reports.

Hamm. on Part. Hammond on Parties to Actions.

Hamm. Pl. Hammond's Analysis of the Principles of Pleading.

Hamm. on F. II. Hammond on Fire Insurance.

Han. Hansard's Entries.

Hand's ch. Pr. Hand's Chancery Practice.

Hand on Fines. Hand on Fines and Recoveries.

Hand's Cr. Pr. hand's Corwn Practice.

Hand on Pat. hand on Patents. Hans. Parl. Bed. hansard's Parliamentary Debates.

Hard. Hardress' Reports.

Hardin's R. Hardin's Reports.

Hare R. Hare's Reports.

Hare & Wall. Sel. Dec. Hare & Wallace's Select Decisions of American Cases, with Notes.

Hare on Disc. Hare on the Discovery of Evidence by Bill and Answer in Equity.

Harg. Coll. Hargrave's Juridical Arguments and collection.

Harg. St. Tr. Hargrave's State Trials.

Harg. Exer. Hargrave's Exercitations.

Harg. Law Tr. Hargrave's Law Tracts.

Harp. L. R. Harper's Law Reports.

Harp. Eq. R. Harper's Equity Reports.

Harr. Ch. Harrison's Chancery Practice.

Harr. Cond. Lo. R. Harrison's condensed Report of Cases in Superior Court of the Territory of Orleans, and in the Supreme Court of Louisiana.

Harr. Dig. Harrison's Digest.

Harr. Ent. Harris' Entries.

Harr. (Mich.) R. harrington's Reports of Cases in the Supreme Court of Michigan.

Harr. & Gill. Harris & Gill's Reports.

Hrr. & John. Harris & Johnso's Reports.

Harr. & M'H. Harris & M'Henry's Reports.

Harringt. R. Harrington's Reports.

Hasl. Med. Jur. Haslam's Medical Jurisprudence.

Hawk. P.C. Hawkins' Pleas of the Crown.

Hawk's R. Hawk's Reports.

Hay on Est. An Elementary View of the Common Law of uses, Devises, and Trusts, with reference to the Creation and Conveyance of Estates, by William Hayes.

Hay. on Lim. Hayes on Limitations.

Hay. Exch. R. Hayes' Exchequer Reports.

Hays on R. P. Hays on REal Property.

Heath's Max. Heath's Maxim's.

Hein. Elem. Juris. civ. Heineccii, Elementa juris Civilis, secundum ordinem Institutionum.

Hein. Elem. Juris. Nat. Heineccii, Elementa juris Naturae et gentium.

Hen on For. Law. Henry on Foreign Law.

Hen. J. P. Henning's Virginia Justice of the Peace.

Hen. & Munf. Henning & Munford's Reports.

Herne's Ch. Uses. Herne's law of Charitable Uses.

Herne's Plead. Herne's Pleader.

Het. Hetley's Reports.

Heyw. on El. Heywood on Elections.

Heyw. *N.C.) R. Heywood's North Carolina Reports.

Heyw. (Tenn.) R. Heywood's Tennessee Reports.

High. Highmore.

High on Bail. Highmore on Bail.

High. on Lun. Highmore on Lunacy.

High. on Mortm. Highmore on ortmain.

Hill. Ab. Hilliard's Abridgment of the Law of Real Property.

Hill's R. Hill's Reports.

Hill's Ch. R. Hill's Chancery Reports.

Hill on Trust. A Practical Treatise on the Law relating to Trustees, &c.

Hind's Pr. Hind's Practice.

Hob. Hobart's Reports.

Hodg. R. Hodge's Reports.

Hodges on Railw. Hodges on the Law of Railways.

Hoffm. Outl. Hoffman's Outlines of Legal Studies.

Hoffm. Leg. St. Hoffman's Legal Studies.

Hoffm. Ch. Pr. Hoffman's Chancery Practice.

Hoffm. Mas. Ch. Hoffman's master in Chancery.

Hoffm. R. Hoffman's Reports.

Hog. R. Hogan's Reports.

Hog. St. Tr. Hogan's State Trials.

Holt on Lib. Holt on the Law of Libels.

Holt on Nav. Holt on Navigation.

Holt. R. Holt's Reports.

Holt on Sh. Holt on the Law of Shipping.

Hopk. R. Hopkins' Chancery Reports.

Hopk. Adm. Dec. Hopkinson's Admiralty Decisions.

Houard's Ang. Sax. Laws. Houard's Anglo Saxon laws and Ancient Laws of the French.

Houard's dict. Houard's Dictionary of the Customs of normandy.

Hough C. M. Hough on Courts Martial.

Hov. Fr. Hovenden on Frauds.

Hov. Supp. Hovenden's Supplement to Vesey Junior's Reports.

How. St. Tr. Howell's State Trials.

Howe's Pr. Howe's Practice in Civil Actions and Proceedings at Law in Massachusetts.

How. Pr. R. Howard's Practice Reports.

Hub. on Suc. Hubback on Successions.

Huds. & Bro. Hudson & Brooke's Reports.

Hugh. Ab. Hughes' Abridgment.

Hugh. Entr. Hughes' Entries.

Hugh. on Wills. Hughes on Wills.

Hugh. R. Hughes' Reports.

Hugh. Or. Writs. Hughes' Comments upon Original Writs.

Hugh. Ins. Hughes on Insurance.

Hugh. on Wills. Hughes' Practical Directions for Taking Instructions for Drawing Wills.

Hull. on Costs. Hullock on the Law of Costs.

Hult. on Conv. Hulton on Convictions.

Humph. R. Humphrey's Reports.

Hume's com. Hume's Commentaries on the Criminal Law of Scotland.

Hut. Hutton's Reports.

I. The Institutes of Justinian (q.v.) are sometimes cited, I.1, 3, 4.

I. Infra, beneath or below.

Ib. Ibidem.

Ictus. Jurisconsultus. This abbreviation is usually written with an I, though it would be more proper to write it with a J, the first letter of the word Jurisconsultus; c is the initial letter of the third syllable, and tus is the end of the word.

Id. Idem.

Il Cons. del Mar. Il Consolato del Mare. See Consolato del Mare, in the body of the work.

Imp. Pr. C. P. Impey's Practice in the common Pleas.

Imp. Pr. K. B. Impey's Practice in the King's Bench.

Imp. Pl. Impey's Modern Pleader.

Imp. Sh. Impey's Office of Sheriff.

In f. In fine, at the end of the title, law, or paragraph quoted.

In pr. In principio, in the beginning and before the first paragraph of a law.

In princ. In principio. In the beginning .

In sum. Insumma, in the summary.

Ind. Index.

Inf. Infra, beneath or below.

Ing. Dig. Ingersoll's Digest of the laws of the United States.

Ing. Roc. Ingersoll's Roccus.

Ingr. on Insolv. Ingraham on Insolvency.

Inj. Injunction.

Ins. Insurance.

Inst. Coke on Littleton, is cited Co. Lit. or 1 Inst., for First Institute.

Coke's magna Charta, is cited Co. M.C. or 2 Inst., for Second Institute.

Co. P. C. Coke's Pleas of the Crown, is cited 3 Inst., for Third Institute.

Co. on Courts. Coke on Courts, is cited 4 Inst., for Fourth Institute.

Inst. Institutes. When the Institutes of Justinian are cited, the citation is made thus; Inst. 4, 2, 1; or Inst. lib. 4, tit. 2, l. 1; to signify Institutes, book 4, tit. 2, law 1. Coke's Institutes are cited, the first, either Col Lit. or 1 Inst., and the others 2 Inst., 3 Inst., and 4 Inst.

Inst. Cl. or Inst. Cler. Instructor Clericalis.

Inst. Jur. Angl. Institutiones Juris Anglicani, by Doctor Cowell.

Introd. Introduction.

Ir. Eq. R. Irish Equity Reports.

Ir. T. R. Irish Term Reports. Sometimes cited Ridg. Irish. T. R. (q.v.)

J. Justice.

J. Institutes of Justinian.

J. C. Juris Consultus.

J. C. P. Justice ofthe common Pleas.

J. Glo. Juncta Glossa, the Gloss joined to the text quoted.

J. J. Justices.

J. J. Marsh. J.J. Marsha''s (Kentucky) Reports.

J. K. B. Justice of the King's Bench.

J. P. Justice of the Peace.

J. Q. B. Justice ofthe Queen's Bench.

J. U. B. Justice of the Upper Bench. During the Commonwealth of the English Court of the King's Bench was called the Upper Bench.

Jac. Jacobus, James; as, 4 Jac. 1, c. 1.

Jac. Introd. Jacob's Introduction to the Comm, Civil, and Canon Law.

Jac. L. D. Jacob's law Dictionary.

Jac. L. G. Jacob's law Grammar.

Jac. Lex. Mer. Jacob's Lex Mercatoria, or the Merchant's Companion.

Jac. R. Jacob's Chancery Reports.

Jac. & Walk. Jacob & Walker's Chancery Reports.

Jack. Pl. Jackson on Pleading.

Jarm. on Wills. Jarman on the Law of Wills.

Jarm. Pow. Dev. Powell on Devises, with Notes by Jarman.

Jebb's Ir. Cr. Cas. Jebb's Irish Criminal Cases.

Jeff. Man. Jefferson's Manual.

Jeff. R. Thomas Jefferson's Reports.

Jenk. Jenkins' Eight Centuries of Reports; or Eight Hundred Cases solemnly adjudged in the Exchequer Chamber, or upon Writs of Error, from K. Henry III, to 21 K. James I.

Jer. Jeremy.

Jer. on Carr. Jeremy's Law of Carriers.

Jer. Eq. Jur. Jeremy on the Equity Jurisdiction of the High Court of Chancery.

Jer. on Cor. Jervis on Coroners.

John. Cas. Johnson's Cases.

John. R. Johnson's Reports.

John. Ch. R. Johnson's Chancery Reports.

John. Eccl. Law. Johnson's Ecclesiastical Law.

Johns. Civ. L. of Sp. Johnson's Civil Law of Spain.

Johns. on Bills. The Law of Bills of Exchange, Promissory Notes, Checks, & c., by Cuthbert W. Johnson.

Jon. Sir Wm. Jones' Reports.

Jon. & Car. Jones and Carey's Reports.

Jon. on Lib. Jones, De Libellis Famosis, or the Law of Libels.

Jon. Inst. HInd. L. Jones' Institutes of Hindoo Laws.

Jon. (1) Sir W. Jones' Reports.

Jon. (2) Sir T. Jones' Reports.

Jon. T. Thomas Jones' REports.

Jon. oon Bailm Lones' Law of Bailments.

Jones' Intr. Jones' Introduction to Legal Science.

Joy on Ev. Acc. Joy on the Evidence of Accomplices.

Joy on Chal. Joy on Challenge to Jurors.

Joy Leg. Ed. Joy on Legal Education.

Jud. Chr. Judicial Chronicle.

Jud. Repos. Judicial Repository.

Judg. Judgments.

Jr. Eccl. Jura Ecclesiastica, or a Treatise of the Ecclesiastical Law and Courts, interspersed with various cases of Law and Equity.

Jr. Mar. Molloy's Jure Maritimo. Sometimes cited Molloy.

Jus. Nav. Thod. Jus Navale Thodiorum.

Just. Inst. Justinian's Institutes.

K. B. King's Bench.

K. C. R. Reports in the time of Chancellor King.

K.& O. Knapp & Omber's Election Cases.

Kames on Eq. Kames' Principles of Equity.

Kames' Ess. Kames' Essays.

Kames' Hist. L. T. Kames' HIstorical Law Tracts.

Keat. Fam. Settl. Keating on Family Settlements.

Keb. Keble's Reports.

Keb. Stat. Keble's English Statutes.

Keen's R. Keen's Reports.

Keil or Keilw. Keilways' Reports.

Kel. Sir John Kelyng's Reports.

Kel. 1,2, or W. Kel. William Kelyng's Reports, two parts.

Kelh. Norm L. D. Kelham's Norman French Law Dictionary.

Kell. R. Kelly's Reports.

Ken. on Jur. Kennedy on Juries.

Kent. Com. Kent's Commentaries on American Law.

Keny. Kenyon's Reports of the Court of King's Bench.

Kit. or Kitch. Kitchen on Courts.

Kna.& Omb. Knapp & Omber's Election Cases.

Knapp's A. C. Knapp's Appeal Cases.

Knapp's R. Knapp's Privy Council Reports.

Kyd on Aw. Kyd on the Law of Awards.

Kyd on Bills. Kyd on the Law relating to Bills of Exchange.

Kyd on Corp. Kyd on the Law of Corporations.

L, in citation means law, as L. 1, 33. Furtum, ff de Furtis, i.e. law 1, section or paragraph beginning with the word Furtum; ff, signifies the Digest, and the words de Furtis denote the title. L. signifies also liber, book.

L.& G. Lloyd's & Goold's Reports.

L.& W. Lloyd & welshy's Mercantile Cases.

LL. Laws, as LL. Gul. 1, c. 42. Laws of William I. chapter 42; LL. of U.S., Laws of the United States.

L.S. Locus sigili.

L.R. Louisiana Reports.

La. Lane's REports.

Lalaure, des Ser. Traite des Servitudes reelles, par M. laalaure.

Lamb. Archai. Lambard's Archaionomia.

Lamb. Eiren. Lambard's Eirenarcha.

Lamb. on Dow. Lambert on Dower.

Lat. Latch's Reprts.

Laus. on Eq. laussat's Essay on Equity Practice in Pennsylvania.

Law. on Chart. part. Lawes on the Law of Charter Parties.

Law. Lib. Law Library.

Law Rep. Law Reporter.

Laws Eccl. Law. Laws' Ecclesiastical Law.

Law Intel. Law Intelligencer.

Law Fr. & latin Dict. Law French and Latin Dictionary.

Law. Pl. lawes' Elementary Treatise on Pleading in Civil Actions.

Law. Pl. in Ass. Lawes' Treatise on Pleading in Assumpsit.

Laws of Wom. Laws of Women.

Lawy. Mag. Lawyer's magazine.

Le. Ley's Reports.

Leach. Leach's Cases in Crown Law.

Lec. Elm. Lecons Elementaire du Driot Civil Romain.

Lee Abst. Tit. Lee on the Evidence of Abstracts of Title to REal Property.

Lee on Capt. Lee's Treatise of Captures in War.

Lee's Dict. Lee's Dictionary of Practice.

Lee's Eccl. R. Lee's Ecclesiastical Reports.

Leg. Bibl. Legal Bibliography, by J.G. Marvin.

Leg. Legibus.

Leg. Obs. Legal Observer.

Leb. Oler. The Laws of Oleron.

Leg. on Outl. Legge on Outlawry.

Leg. Rhod. The Laws of Thodes.

Leg. ult. The Last Law.

Leg. Wish. Lawas of Wishury.

Leigh & Dal. on Conv. Leigh & Dalzell on Conversion of Property.

Leigh's R. Leigh's Reports.

Leigh's N.P. Leigh's Nisi Prius.

Leo. or Leon. Leonard's Reports.

Lev. Levinz' Reports.

Lev. Ent. Levinz's Entries.

Lew. C. C. Lewin's Crown Cases.

Lew. Cr. Law. An Abridgment of the Criminal Law of the United States, by Ellis Lewis.

Lew. on Tr. Lewin on Trusts.

Lew. on Perp. Lewin on the Law of Perpetuities.

Lex Man. Lex maneriorum.

Lex Mer. Lex Mercatoria.

Lex Mer. Am. Lex Mercatoria Americana.

Lex Parl. Lex Parliamentaria.

Ley. Ley's Reports.

Lib. Liber, book.

Libb. Ass. Liber Assisarum.

Lib. Ent. Old Book of Entries.

Lib. Feud. Liber Feudorum.

Lib. Intr. Liber Intrationum; or Old Book of Entries.

Lib. Nig. Liber Niger.

Lib. Pl. Liber Placitandi.

Lib. Reg. Register Books.

Lib. Rub. LIber Ruber.

Lib. Ten. Liberum Tenementum.

Lid. Jud. Adv. Liddel's Detail of the Duties of a Deputy Judge Advocate.

Lill. Entr. Lilly's Entries.

Lill. Reg. Lilly's Register.

Lill. Rep. Lilly's Reports.

Lill. Conv. Lilly's conveyancer.

Lind. Lindewooode's Provinciale; or Provincial Constitutions of England, with the Legantine Constitutions of Otho and Othobond.

Litt. s. Littleton, section.

Litt. R. Littell's Reports.

Litt. Rittleton's Reports.

Litt. Sel. Cas. Littell's Select Cases.

Litt. Ten. Littleton's Tenures.

Liv. Livre, book.

Liv. on Ag. Livermore on the Law of Principal and Agent.

Liv. Syst. Livingston's System of Penal Law for the State of Louisiana. This work is sometimes cited Libingston's Report on the Plan of a Penal Code.

Liverm. Diss. Livermore's dissertations on the Contrariety of Laws.

Llo.& Go. Lloyd & Goold's Reports.

Llo.& Go. t. Sudg. Lloyd & Goold's Reports, during the time of Sugden.

Llo.& Go. t. Plunk. Lloud & Goold during the time of Plunkett.

Llo.& Welsh. Lloyd & Welshy's Reports of Cases relating to Commerce, Manufactures, &c., determined in the Courts of Common Law.

Loc. cit. Loco citato, the place cited.

Log. Comp. Compendium of the Law of England, Scotland, and Ancient Rome, by James Logan.

Lofft. Lofft's Reports.

Lois des Batim. Lois des Batimens.

Lom. Dig. Lomax's Digest of the Law of Real Property in the United States.

Lom. Ex. Lomax on Executors.

Long. Quint. Year Book, part 10 Vide Year Book.

Louis Code. Civil Code of Louisiana.

Louis. R. Louisiana Reports.

Lovel. on Wills. Lovelass on Wills.

Lown. Leg. Lowndes on the Law of Legacies.

Lube, Pl. Eq. An Analysis of the Principles of Equity Pleading, by D. G. Lube.

Luder's elec. Cas. Luder's Election Cases.

Luml. Ann. Lumley on Annuities.

Luml Parl. Pr. Lumley's Parliamentary Practice.

Luml on Settl. Lumley on Settlements and Removal.

Lut. Ent. Lutwyche's entries.

Lutw. Lutwyches' Reports.

M. Michaelmas Term.

M. Maxim, or Maxims.

M. Jary; as 4 Mary st.3, c.1.

M.& A. Montagu & Ayrton's Reports of Cases of Bankruptcy.

M.& B. Montagu and bligh's Cases in Bankruptcy.

M.& C. Mylne & Craig's Reports.

M.& C. Montagu & Chittys' Reports.

M.& G. Manning & Granger's Reports.

M.& G. Maddock & Geldart's Reports.

M.G.& S. Manning, Granger & Scott's Reports.

M.& K. Mylne & Keen's chancery Reports.

M.& M. or Mo.& Malk. Rep. Moody & Malkin's Nisi Prius Reports.

M. P. Exch. Modern Practice Exchequer.

M.& P. Moore & Payne's Reports.

M.R. Master ofthe Rolls.

M. R. Martin's Reports of the Supreme Court of the State of Louisiana.

M.& R. Manning & Ryland's Reports.

M.& S. Moore & Scott's Reports.

M.& S. Maule & Selwyn's Reports.

M.& Y. or Mart. & Yerg. Martin & Yerger's Reports.

M.& W. Meeson & Welshy's Reports.

M. D.& G. Montagu, Daecon & Gex's Reports of Cases in Bankruptcy.

M'Arth. C. M. M'Arthur on Courts Martial.

M'Cl & Yo. M'Clelland & Younge's Exchequer Reports.

M'Clel. E. R. M'Clelland's Exchequer Reports.

M'Cord's Ch. R. M'Cord's Chancery Reports.

M'Cord's R. M'Cord's Reports

M'Kin. Phil. Ev. M'Kinnon's Philosophy of Evidence.

M'Naght. C. M. M'Naghton on Courts Martial.

McLean & Rob. McLean & Robinson's Reports.

M'Lean R. M'Lean's Reports.

Macn. on Null. Macnamara on Nullities nad Irregularities in the Practice of the Law.

Macnal. Ev. Macnally's Rules of Evidence on Pleas oft he Crown.

Macph. on Inf. Macpherson on Infants.

Macq. on H.& W. Macqueen on Hushand and Wife.

Mad. Exhc. Madox's History ofthe Exchequer.

Mad. Form. Madox's Formulare Anglicanum.

Madd.& Geld. Maddock's & Geldart's Reports.

Madd., Madd. R. Maddock's chancery REports.

Madd. Pr. or Madd. Ch. Maddock's Chancery Practice.

Mag. Ins. Magens on Insurance.

Mal. Malyne's Lex Mercatoria.

Man. Manuscript.

Man.& Gra. Manning & Granger's Reports.

Man. Gr.& Sc. Manning, Granger & Scott's Reports.

Man.& Ry. Manning & Ryland's Reports.

Manb. on Fines. Manby on Fines.

Man. Comm. Manning's Commentaries of the Law of Nations.

Mann. Exch. Pr. Manning's Exchequer Practice.

Mans. on Dem. Mansel on Demurrers.

Mans. on Lim. Mansel of the Law of Limitations.

Manw. Manwood's Forest Laws.

Mar. Mritime.

Mar. N.C. March's New Cases.

Mar. R. march's Reports.

Marg. margin.

Marr. Adm. Dec. Marriott's Admiralty Decisions.

Marr. Form. Inst. marriott's Formulare Instrumentorum; or a Formulary of Authentic Instruments, Writs, and Standing orders used in the Court of Admiralty of Great Britain, of Prize and Instance.

Marsh. Marshall's Reports in the Court of Common Pleas. A. Marsh. Marshall's (Kty.) Reports. J. J. Marsh. J. J. Marshall's Reports. Marsh. Ins. Marshall on the Law of Insurance.

Marsh. Decis. Brockenbrought's Reports of Chief JUstice marshall's Decisions.

Mart. law Nat. Martin's Law of Nations.

Mart. (N.C.) R. Martin's North Carolina Reports.

Mart. (Lo.) R. Martin's Louisiana Reports.

Marv. Leg. Bibl. Marvin's Legal Bibliography.

Mart.& Yerg. Martin & Yerger's Reports.

Mart. N. S. Martin's Louisiana Reports, new series.

Mason R. Mason's circuit Court Reports.

Mass. R. Massachusetts Reports.

Math. on Pres. Mathew on the Doctrine of Presumption and Presumptive Evidence.

Matth. on Prt. Matthews on Portion.

Matth. on Ex. Matthews on Executors.

Maugh. Lit. Pr. Maughan on Literary Property.

Maule & Selw. Maule & Selwyn's Reports.

Max. Maxims.

Maxw. L. D. Maxwell's Dictionary of the Law of Bills of Exchange, & c.

Maxw. on Mar. L. Laxwell's Spirit of the Marine Laws.

Mayn. Maynard's Reports. See Year Books in the body of the work. The first part of the Y. B. is sometimes so cited.

Med. Jr. Medical Jurisprudence.

Mees. & Wels. Meeson & Welshy's Reports.

Meigs, R. Meigs' Tennessee Reports.

Mer. R. Merivale's Reports.

Merch. Dict. Merchant's Dictionary.

Merl. Quest. Merlin, Questions de Driot.

Merl. Repert. Merlin, Repertoire.

Merrif. Law of Att. Merrifield's Law of Attorneys.

Merrif. on Costs. Merrifield's Law of costs.

Metc. R. Metcalf's Reports.

Metc. & Perk. Dig. Digest of the Decisions of the Courts of Common Law and Admiralty in the United States. By Theron Metcalf and Jonathan C. Perkins.

Mich. Michaelmas.

Mich. Rev. St. Michigan Revised Statutes.

Miles' R. Miles' Reports.

Mill. Civ. Law. Miller's civil Law.

Mill. Ins. Millar's Elements of the Law relating to Insurances. Sometimes this work is cited Mill. El.

Mill. on Eq. Mort. Miller on Equitable Mortgages.

Minor's Rep. Minor's Alabama Reports, sometimes cited Ala. Rep.

Mirch. onAdv. Mirehead on Advowsons.

Mirr. Mirroir des Justices.

Misso. R. Missourti Reports.

Mitf. Pl. Mitford's Pleadings in Equity. Also cited Redead. Pl. Redesdale's Pleadings.

MO. Sir Francis Moore's Reports in the reign of K. Henry VIII., Q. Elizabeth, and K. James.

Mo.& Malk. Moody & Malkin's Reports.

Mo. C. C. Moody's Crown Cases.

Mo. Cas. Moody's Nisi Prius and Crown Cases.

Mod. or Mod. R. Modern Reports.

Mod. Cas. Modern Cases.

Mod. C. L.& E. Modern Cases in Law and Equity. The 8 & 9 Modern Reports are sometimes so cited; the 8th cited as the 1st, and the 9th as the 2d.

Mod. Entr. Modern entries.

Mod. Int. Modus Intrandi.

Mol. Molloy, De jure Miartimo.

Moll. R. Molloy's chancery Reports.

Monr. R. Monroe's Reports.

Mont. & Ayrt. Montagu & Ayrton's Reports.

Mont. B. C. Montagu's Bankrupt Cases.

Mont. & Bligh. Montagu & Bligh's Cases in Bankruptcy.

Mont. & Chit. Montagu & Chitty's Reports.

Mont. on Comp. Montagu on the Law of Composition.

Mont. B. L. Montagu on the Bankrupt Laws.

Mont. on Set-off. Montagu on Set-off.

Mont. Deac. & Gex. Montagu, Deacon & Gex's Reports of Cases in Bankruptcy, argued and determined in the Court of Review, and on Appeals to the Lord Chancellor.

Mont. Dig. Montagu's digest of Pleadings in EQuity.

Mont. Eq. Pl. Montagu's Equity Pleading.

Mont. & Mac. Montagu & MacArthur's Reports.

Mont. Sp. of Laws. Montesquieu's Spirit of Laws.

Montesq. Montesquieu, Esprit des Lois.

Moo. & Malk. Moody & Malkin's Reports.

Moo. & Rob. Moody & Robinson's Reports.

Moore, R. J. B. Moore's Reports of Cases decided in the Court of Common Pleas.

Moore's A. C. Moore's Appeal Cases.

Moore & Payne. Moore & Payne's Reports of Cases in C. P.

Moore & Scott. Moore & Scott's Reports of Cases in C. P.

Mort. on Vend. Morton's law of Vendors and Purchasers of Chattels Personal.

Mos. Mosely's Reports.

MSS> Manuscripts; as, Lord Colchester's MSS>

Much. D.& S. Muchall's Doctor and Student.

Mun. Municipal.

Munf. R. Munford's Reports.

Murph. R. Murphy's Reports.

My. & Keen. Mylne & Keen's Chancery Reports.

Myl.& Cr. Mylne & Craig's Reports.

N. Number.

N. or Nov. Novellae: the Novels.

N. A. Non allocatur.

N. B. Nulla bona.

N. Benl. New Benloe.

N. C. Cas. North Carolina Cases.

N. C. Law Rep. North Carolina Law Repository.

N. C. Term R. North Carolina Term Reports. This volume is sometimes cited 2 Tayl.

N. Chipm. R. N. Chipman's Reports.

N. E. I. Non est Inventus.

N. H. Rep. New Hampshire Reports.

N. H. & G. Nicholl, Hare & Garrow's Reports.

N. L. Nelson's editon of Lutwyche's Reports.

N. L. Non liquet. Vide Ampliation.

N.& M. Neville & Manning's Repors.

N.& P. Neville & Perry's Reports.

N. P. Nisi Prius.

N.& M'C. Nott & M'Cord's Reports.

N. R. or New R. New Reports; new series, or 4 & 5 Bos. & Pull. Reports, are usually cited N. R.

N. S. New Series of the Reports of the Supreme Court of Louisiana.

N. Y. R. S. New York Revised Statutes.

Nar. Conv. Nares on Convictions.

Neal's F.& F. Neal's Feasts and Fasts; an Essay on the Rise, Progress and Present State of the Laws relating to Sundays and other Holidays, and other days of fasting.

Nels. Ab. Nelson's Abridgment.

Nels. Lex Maner. Nelson's Lex Maneriorum.

Nels. R. Nelson's Reports.

Nem. con. Nemine contradicente, (q.v.)

Nem. Dis. nemine dissentiente.

Nev. & Mann. Neville & Manning's Reports.

Nev. & Per. Neville & Perry's Reports.

New Benl. Benloe's Reports. Reports in the Reign of Henry VIII., Edw. VI., Phil. and Mary, and Elizabeth, and other Cases in the times of Charles. By William Benloe. See Benl.

New Rep. new Reports. A continuation of Bosanquet & Puller's Reports. See B.& P.

Newf. Rep. Newfoundland Reports.

Newl. Contr. Newland's Treatise on Contracts.

Newl. Ch. Pr. Newland's Chancery Practice.

Newn. Conv. Newnam on Conveyancing.

Ni. Pri. Nisi Pirus.

Nich. Adult. Bast. Nicholas on Adulterine Bastardy.

Nich. Har. & Gar. Nicholl, Hare & Garrow's Reports.

Nient Cul. Nient Culpable, old French, not guilty.

Nol. P. L. Nolan's Poor Laws.

Nol. R. Nolan's Reports of Cases relative to the Duty and Office of Justice of the Peace.

Non Cul. Non culpabilis, not guilty.

North. Northington's Reports.

Nott.& M'cord. Nott & M'Cord's reports.

Nov. Novellae, the Novels.

Nov. REc. Novisimi Recopilacion de las Leyes de Espana.

Noy's Max. Nou's Maxims.

Noy's R. Noy's Reports.

O. Benl. Old Benloe.

O. Bridg. Orlando Bridgman's Reports.

O. C. Old Code: so is denominated the Civil Code of Louisiana, 1808.

O. N. B. Old Natura Brevium. Vide Vet. N. B., in the abbreviations, and "Old Natura Brevium," in the body of the work.

O. Ni. These letters, which are an abbreviation for overatur nisis habent sufficientem exonerationem, are, according tot he practice of the English Exchequer, marked upon each head of a Sheriff's account for issues, amercia ments and mean profits. 4 Inst. 116.

Oblig. Obligations.

Observ. Observations.

Off. Office.

Off. Br. Officina Brevium.

Off. Ex. Wentworth's Office of Executors.

Ohio R. Ohio Reports.

Oldn. Oldnall's Welsh Practice.

Onsl. N. P. Onslow's Nisi Prius.

Ord. Anst. Ordinance of Amsterdam.

Ord. Antw. Ordinance of Antwerp.

Ord. Bilb. Ordinance of Bilboa.

Ord. Ch. Orders in Chancery.

Ord. Cla. Lord Clarendon's Orders.

Ord. Copenh. Ordinance of Copenhagen.

Ord. Cor. Orders of Court.

Ord. Flor. Ordinances of Florence.

Ord. Gen. Ordinance of Genoa.

Ord. Hamb. Ordinance of Hamburgh.

Ord. Konigs. Ordinance of Konigsherg.

Ord. Leg. Ordinances of Leghorn.

Ord. de la Mar. Ordonnance de la marine, de Louis XIV.

Ord. Prot. Ordinances of Portugal.

Ord. Prus. Ordinances of Prussia.

Ord. Rott. Ordinances of Rotterdam.

Ord. Swed. Ordinances of Sweden.

Ord. on Us. Ordinances on the Law of Usury.

Orfil. Med. Jur. Orfila's Medical Jurisprudence.

Orig. Original.

Oought. Oughton's Ordo Judiciorum.

Overt. R. Overton's Reports.

Ow. Owen's Reports.

Owen, Bankr. Owen on Bankruptcy.

P. Page or part. Pp. Pages.

P. Pachalis, Easter term.

P.C. Pleas of the Crown.

P.& D. Perry & Davison's Reports.

P.& K. Perry & Knapp's Election Cases.

P.& M. PHilip and mary; as, 1 & 2 P.& M. c. 4.

P.N>P. Peake's Nisi Prius.

P. P. Propria persona; in his own person.

Pa. R. Pennsylvania Reports.

P. R. or P. R. C. P. Practical REgister in the Common Pleas.

P. Wms. Peere Williams' Reports.

Paige's R. Paige's Chancery Reports.

Paine's R. Paine's Reports.

Pal. Palmer's Reports.

Pal. AG. Paley on the Law of Principal and Agent.

Pal. Conv. Paley on Convictions.

Palm. Pr. Lords. Palmer's Practice in the House of Lords.

Pand. Pandects. Vide Dig.

Par. Paragraph; as, 29 Eliz. cap. 5, par. 21.

Par.& Fonb. M. J. Paris & Fonblanque on Medical Jurisprudence.

Pardess. Pardessus, Cours de Driot Commercial. In this work Pardessus is cited in several ways, namely: Pardes. Dr. Com Part 3, tit. 1, c. 2, s. 4, n. 286; or 2 Pardes. n. 286, which is the same reference.

Park on Dow. Park on Dower.

Park, Ins. Park on Insurance.

Park. R. Sir Thomas Parker's Reports of Cases concerning the Revenue, in the Exchequer.

Park. on Ship. Parker on Shipping nad Insurance.

Parl. Hist. Parliamentary History.

Patch. on Mortg. Patch's Treatise on the Law of Mortgages.

Paul's Par. Off. Paul's Parish Officer.

Pay. Mun. Rights. Payne's Municipal Rights.

Peak. Add. Cas. Peake's Additional Cases.

Peak. C. N. P. Peake's Cases determined at Nisi Prius, and in the K. B.

Peake, Ev. Peake on the Law of Evidence.

Peck. R. Peck's Reports.

Peck's Tr. Peck's Trial.

Peckw. E. C. Peckwell's Election Cases.

Penn. Bl. Pennsylvania Blackstone, by John Read, Esq.

Penn. law Jo. Pennsylvania Law JOurnal.

Penn. R. Pennington's Reports. The Pennsylvania Reports are sometimes cited Penn. R., but more properly, for the sake of distinction, Penna. R.

Penn. St. R. Pennsylvania State Reports.

Penna. Pr. Pennsylvania Practice; also cited Tro. & Hal. Pr., Troubat & Haly's Practice.

Penna. R. Pennsylvania Reports.

Pennsylv. Pennsylvania Reports.

Penr. Anal. Penruddocke's Analysis ofthe Criminal Law.

Penult. The last but one.

Per.& Dav. Perry & Davison's Reports.

Per.& Knapp. Perry & Knapp's Election Cases.

Perk. Perkins on conveyancing.

Perk. Prof. B. Perkins' Profitable Book.

Perpip. on Pat. Perpigna on Patents. The full title of this work is, "The French Law and Practice of Patents for Inventions, Improvements, and Importations. by A. Perpigna, A.M.L.B., Barrister in the Royal Court of Paris, Member of the Society for the Encouragement of ARts, &c." The work is well written in the English language. The author is a French lawyer, and has written another work on the same subject in French.

Pet. Ab. Petersdorff's Abridgment.

Pet. Adm. Dec. Peters' Admiralty Decisions.

Pet. on Bail, or Petersd. on Bail. Petersdorff on the Law of Bail.

Pet. R. Peters' Supreme Court Reports.

Pet. C. C. R. Peters' Circuit Court Reports.

Petting. on Jur. Pettingal on Juries.

Phil. Ev. Phillips' Evidence.

Phil. Ins. PHillips on Insurance.

Phil. St. Tr. Phillips' State Trials.

Phill. Civ. and Can. Laws. Phillimore on the Study of the Civil and Canon Law, considered in relation to the state, the church, and the universities, and in connexion with the college of advocates.

Phill. on Dom. Phillimore on the Law of Domicil.

Phillim. or Phillim E. R. Phillimore' Ecclesiastical Reports.

Pick. R. Pickering's Reports.

Pig. Pigot on Recoveries.

Pike's Rep. Reports of Cases argued and determined in the Supreme Court of Law

and Equity of the State of Arkansas. By Albert Pike. These Reports are cited

Ark. Rep.

Pitm. Prin. and Sur. Pitman on Principal and Surety.

Pl. Placitum or plea.

Pl. or Plow. or Pl. Com. Plowden's Commentaries, or Reports.

Plff. Plaintiff.

Platt on Cov. Platt on Law of Covenants.

Platt on Lea. Platt on Leases.

Pol. Pollexfen's Reports.

Poph. Popham's Reports. The cases at the end of Pophams' Reports are cited 2

Poph.

Port. R. Porter's Reports.

Poth. Pothier. The numerous works of Pothier are cited by abbreviating his

name Poth. and then adding the name of the treatise; the figures generally

refer to the number, as Poth. Ob. n. 100, which signifies Pothier's Treatise

on the Law of Obligations, number 100. Poth. du Mar. Pothier du Mariage.

Poth. Vente. Pothier Traite de Vente, & c. His Pandects, in 24 vols. are

cited Poth. Pand. with the book, title, law, & c.

Pott's L. D. Pott's Law Dictionary.

Pow. Powell.

Pow. Contr. Powell on Contracts.

Pow. Dev. Powell on Devises.

Pow. Mortg. Powell on Mortgages.

Pow. Powers. Powell on Powers.

Poyn. on M. and D. Poynter on the Law of Marriage and Divorce.

Pr. Principio. In pr. In principio; in the beginning.

Pr. Ex. Rep. or Price's E. R. Prices' Exchequer Reports.

Pr. Reg. Cha. Practical Register in Chancery.

Pr. St. Private Statute.

Pr. Stat. Private Statute.

Pract. Reg. C. P. Practical Register of the Common Pleas.

Pract. Reg. in Ch. Practical Register in Chancery.

Prat. on H.& W. Prater on the Law of Hushand and Wife.

Pref. Preface.

Prel. Preliminaire.

Prest. Preston.

Prest. on Est. Preston on Estates.

Prest. Abs. Tit. Preston's Essay on Abstracts of Title.

Prest. on Conv. Preston's Treatise on Conveyancing.

Prest. on Leg. Preston on Legacies.

Pri. Price's Reports.

Price's Ex. Rep. Price's Exchequer Reports.

Price's Gen Pr. Price's General Practice.

Prin. Principium, the beginning of a title or law.

Prin. Dec. Printed Decisions.

Priv. Lond. Customs or Privileges of London.

Pro. L. Province Laws.

Pro quer. Pro querentum, for the plaintiff.

Proct. Pr. Proctor's Practice.

Puff. Puffendorff's law of nature.

Q. Quaestione, in such a Question.

Q. B. Queen's Bench.

Q. B. R. Queen's Bench Reports, by Adolphus & Ellis. New series.

Q.t. Qui tam.

Qu. Quere.

Q. Van Weyt. Q. Van Weytsen on Average.

Q. Warr. Quo Warranto; (q.v.) The letters (q.v.) quod vide, which see, refer

to the article mentioned immediately before them.

Qu. Quaestione, in such a Question.

Quest. Questions.

Quinti Quinto. Year-book, 5 Henry V.

Quon. Attach. Quoniam Attachiamenta. See Dalr. F.L. 47.

R. Resolved, ruled, or repealed.

R. Richard; as, 2 R. 2, c. 1.

Rich. Rep. Richardson's (S.C.) Reports.

RC. Rescriptum.

R.& M. Russell and Milne's Reports.

R.& M. C. C. Ryan and Moody's Crown Cases.

R.& M. N. P. Ryan & Moody's Nisi Prius Cases.

R.& R. Russell & Ryans' Criwn Cases.

R. M. Charlt. R. M. Charlton's Reports.

RS. Responsum.

R. S. L. Reading on Statute Law.

Ram on Judgm. Ram on the LAw relating to Legal Judgments

Rand. Perp. Randall on the Law of Perpetuities.

Rand. R. Randolph's Reports.

Rast. Rastall's Entries.

Rawle's R. Rawle's Reports.

Rawle, Const. Rawle on the Constitution.

Ray's Med. Jur. Ray's Medical Jurisprudence on Insanityh.

Raym. or, more usually, Ld. Raym. lrod Raymond's Reports. T. Raym. Sir Thomas

Raymond's Reports.

Re. Fa. lo. Recordari facias loquelam. Vide Refalo in the body of the work.

Rec. Recopilation.

Rec. Recorder; as, City Hall Rec.

Redd. on Mar. Com. Reddie's Historical View of hte Law of Maritime Commerce.

Redesd. Pl. Redesdale's Equity Pleading. This work is also and must usually

cited Mitf. Pl.

Reeves' H. E. L. Reeves' History of the English Law.

Reeves on Ship. Reeves on the Law of Shipping and Navigation.

Reeves on Des. Reeves on Descents.

Reg. Regula, rule.

Reg. Register.

Reg. Brev. Registrum Brevium, or Register of Writs.

Reg. Gen. Regulae Generales.

Reg. Jud. Registrum Judiciale.

Reg. Mag. Regiam Magestatem.

Reg. Pl. Regula Placitandi.

Renouard, des Brev. d'Inv. Traite des Brevets d'Invention, de Perfectionement,

et d'Importation, par Augustin Charles Renouard.

Rep. The Reports of Lord Coke are frequently cited 1 Rep., 2 Rep., &c. and

sometimes they are cited Co.

Rep. Repertoire.

Rep. Eq. Gilbert's Reports in Equity.

Rep. Q. A. Reports of Cases during the time of Queen Anne.

Rep. T. Finch. Reports tempore Finch.

Rep. T. Hard. Reports during the time of Lord Hardwicke.

Rep. T. Holt. Reports tempore Holt.

Rep. T. Talb. Reports of Cases decided during the time of Lord Talbot.

Res. Resolution. Teh cases reported in Coke's Reports, are divided into

resolutions on the different points of the case, and are cited 1 Res. &c.

Ret. Brev. Retorna Brevium.

Rev. St. or REv. Stat. REvised Statutes.

Rey, des Inst. de l'Anglet. Des Institutions Judiciaries de l'Angleterre comparees avec celles de la France. Par Joseph Rey.

Reyn. Inst. Institutions du Droit des Gens, &c. par Gerard de Reyneval.

Ric. Richard; as, 12 Ric. 2, c. 15.

Rice's Rep. Reports of Cases in Chancery argued and determined in the Court of

Appeals and Court of Error of South Carolina. By William Rice, State Reporter.

Rich. Pr. C. P. Richardson's Practice in the Common Pleas.

Rich. Pr. K. B. Richardson's Practice in the King's Bench.

Rich Eq. R. Richardson's Equity Reports.

Rich. on Wills. Richardson on Wills.

Ridg. Irish. T. R. Ridgeway, Lapp & Schoales' Term Reports in the K.B.,

Dublin. Sometimes this is cited Ridg. L.& S.

Ridg. P. C. Ridgeway's Cases in Parliament.

Ridg. Rep. Ridgeway's Reports of Cases in K. B. and Chancery.

Ridg. St. Tr. Ridgeway's Reports of State Trials in Ireland.

Ril. Ch. Cas. Riley's chancery Cases.

Rob. Adm. REp. Robinson's Admiralty Reports.

Rob. Cas. Robertson's Cases in Parliament, from Scotland.

Rob. Dig. Robert's Digest of the English Statutes in force in Pennsylvania.

Rob. Entr. Robinson's Entries.

Rob. on Fr. Roberts on Frauds.

Rob. on Fraud. Conv. Roberts on Fraudulent Conveyances.

Rob. on Gavelk. Robinson on Gavelkind.

Rob. Lo. Rep. Robinson's Louisiana Reports.

Rob. Just. Robinson's Justice of the Peace.

Rob. Pr. Robinson's Practice in Suits at Law, in Virginia.

Rob. V. Rep. Robinson's (Virginia) Reports.

Rob. on Wills. Robert's Treatise on the Law of Wills and Codicils.

Roc. Ins. Roccus on Insurance. Vide Ing. Roc.

Rog. Eccl. Law. Rogers' Ecclesiastical law.

Rog. Rec. Roger's City Hall Recorder.

Roll. Rolle's Abridgment.

Roll. R. Rolle's Reports.

Rom. Cr. Law. Romilly's Observations on the Criminal Law of England, as it

relates to capital punishment.

Rop. on H.& W. A Treatise on the Law of Property, arising from the relation

between Hushand and Wife. By R. S. Donnison Roper.

Rop. Leg. Roper on Legacies.

Rop. on Revoc. Roper on Revocations.

Rosc. Roscoe.

Rosc. on Act. Roscoe on Actions relating to Real Property.

Rosc. Civ. Ev. Roscoe's Digest of the Law of Evidence on the Trial of Actions at Nisi Prius.

Rosc. Cr. Ev. Roscoe on Criminal Evidence.

Rosc. on Bills. Roscoe's Treatise on the Law relating to Bills of Exchange,

Promissory Notes, Banker's Checks, &c.

Rose's R. Rose's Reports of Cases in Bankruptcy.

Ross on V.& P. Ross on the Law of Vendors and Purchasers.

Rot. Parl. Rotulae Parliamentariae.

Rowe's Sci. Jur. Rowe's Scintilla Juris.

Rub. or Rubr. Rubric, (q.v.)

Ruffh. Ruffhead's Statutes at Large.

Runn. Ej. Runnington on Ejectments.

Runn. Stat. Runnington's Statutes at Large.

Rus.& Myl. Russell & Mylne's Chancery Reports.

Rush. Rushworth's Collections.

Russ. Cr. Russell on Crimes and Misdemeanors.

Rus.& Myl. Russell & Mylne's Reports of Cases in Chancery.

Russ. on Fact. Russell on the Laws relating to Factors and Brokers.

Russ. R. Russell's Reports of Cases in Chancery.

Russ.& Ry. Russell & Ryan's Crown Cases.

Rutherf. Inst. Rutherford's Institutes of Natural Law.

Ry. F. Rymer's Foedera.

Ry.& Mo. Ryan & Moody's Nisi Prius Reports.

Ry.& Mo. C. C. Ryan & Moody's Crown Cases.

Ry. MEd. Jur. Ryan on Medical Jurisprudence.

S. , section.

S. B. Upper Bench.

S.& B. Smith & Batty's Reports.

S. C. Same Case.

S. C. C. Select Cases in Chancery.

S. C. Rep. South Carolina Reports.

S